Table 1.
Summary of published cohort studies
| Author, year |
Country |
Study size n |
Cases n |
PUFA studied |
Effect on overall CaP incidence |
Effect on incidence of advanced CaP |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giovannucci, 1993 |
USA |
47,855 |
300 |
LA, ALA |
non-significant positive association with ALA |
ALA positively associated with extra-prostatic or metastatic disease |
45 |
| Veierod, 1997 |
Norway |
25,708 |
72 |
all PUFAs |
no association |
not studied |
55 |
| Schuurman, 1999 |
Netherlands |
58,279 |
642 |
fish intake |
no association |
no association |
54 |
| Schuurman, 1999 |
Netherlands |
58,279 |
642 |
all PUFAs, LA, ALA, DHA, EPA |
non-significant negative association only with ALA and LA |
no association |
35 |
| Terry, 2001 |
Sweden |
6,272 |
466 |
fish intake |
negative association with fish intake |
fish intake negatively associated with mortality |
34 |
| Augustsson, 2003 |
USA |
47,882 |
2,482 |
fish intake |
non-significant negative association with fish intake |
fish intake negatively associated with metastatic disease |
33 |
| Allen, 2004 |
Japan |
18,115 |
196 |
fish intake |
positive association with fish intake |
not studied |
44 |
| Laaksonen, 2004 |
Finland |
2,002 |
46 |
all PUFAs, ω–6 PUFAs, LA |
negative association with PUFAs and LA |
not studied |
36 |
| Leitzmann, 2004 |
USA |
47,866 |
2,965 |
LA, ALA, EPA, DHA |
negative association only with EPA and DHA |
positive association with ALA, negative association with EPA and DHA in predicting extra-prostatic, metastatic or fatal tumors |
38 |
| Koralek, 2006 |
USA |
29,592 |
1,898 |
ALA |
no association with ALA |
no association |
53 |
| Park, 2007 |
USA |
82,483 |
4,404 |
all PUFAs, ω–6 PUFAs, ω–3 PUFAs, ALA, EPA, DHA |
non-significant negative association with ω–3 PUFA and ALA. Association stronger in Latinos and whites |
non-significant negative association between ω–3 PUFA/ALA and non-localized or high-grade disease |
37 |
| Wallstrom, 2007 |
Sweden |
10,564 |
817 |
all PUFAs, LA, ALA, EPA, DHA |
positive association only with EPA and DHA |
no association |
56 |
| Giovannucci, 2007 |
USA |
51,529 |
3,544 |
ALA |
positive association with ALA |
ALA positively associated with mortality |
46 |
| Crowe, 2008 |
several European nations |
142,520 |
2,727 |
all PUFAs, fat from fish |
no association with PUFAs or fish |
inverse association between PUFAs and high-grade (but not advanced stage) disease |
52 |
| Chavarro, 2008 |
USA |
20,167 |
2,161 |
fish intake, ω–3 PUFA fish |
no association with fish or ω–3 PUFA fish |
fish and ω–3 PUFA intake associated with decreased mortality |
51 |
| Pham, 2009 | Japan | 5,589 | 21 deathsfish intake | not studied | fish intake negatively associated with mortality | 60 | |
CaP = Prostate cancer; LA = linoleic acid.