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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Glia. 2010 Apr;58(5):611–621. doi: 10.1002/glia.20949

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Measurement of oxidative stress. (A) U-87 astrocytes were either untreated or treated with the Tat/IFN-γ/TNF-α mixture for 0–60min, prior to incubation with carboxy-H2-DCF-DA and assessed for oxidative stress. Values are displayed as a ratio of the DCF/Hoechst fluorescent value. A respiratory burst culminates after 30 min of stimulation. (B) U-87 astrocytes were untreated, treated with the Tat/IFN-γ/TNF-α mixture, or pre-treated with apocynin (250μM) followed by stimulation for 30min. Apocynin pre-treatment was able to abrogate the respiratory burst observed in stimulated astrocytes. The data represents the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *p<0.05; ***p<0.001 vs control group;, ###p<0.001 vs Tat/IFN-γ/TNF-α group.