Table 4.
Relative risk of breast cancer according to circulating carotenoids and mammographic density among postmenopausal women at blood draw and mammogram.
| Mammographic Density | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (low) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (high) | P-Interaction | |
| RR(95% CI) | RR(95% CI) | RR(95% CI) | ||
| α-carotene | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 0.7 (0.4-1.2) | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) | 2.8 (1.6-5.0) | 0.02 |
| Cases/controls | 53/94 | 59/57 | 100/54 | |
| Tertile 2 | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | 1.2 (0.7-2.2) | 2.7 (1.6-4.6) | |
| Cases/controls | 44/59 | 62/74 | 130/78 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.0 (REF) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) | |
| Cases/controls | 35/47 | 41/68 | 80/95 | |
| P-trend | 0.35 | 0.002 | 0.02 | |
| β-carotene | 0.18 | |||
| Tertile 1 | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 1.8 (1.0-3.2) | 2.9 (1.6-5.3) | |
| Cases/controls | 54/96 | 61/63 | 97/62 | |
| Tertile 2 | 1.4 (0.8-2.7) | 1.9 (1.1-3.5) | 3.5 (2.0-6.3) | |
| Cases/controls | 49/57 | 65/62 | 130/76 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.0 (REF) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 1.8 (1.0-3.3) | |
| Cases/controls | 29/47 | 36/74 | 83/88 | |
| P-trend | 0.86 | 0.007 | 0.01 | |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 0.004 | |||
| Tertile 1 | 0.6 (0.3-1.0) | 1.0 (0.6-1.8) | 2.3 (1.3-4.1) | |
| Cases/controls | 55/84 | 57/61 | 110/59 | |
| Tertile 2 | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | 1.1 (0.6-2.0) | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | |
| Cases/controls | 39/76 | 63/63 | 101/74 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.0 (REF) | 0.6 (0.3-1.1) | 1.3 (0.7-2.2) | |
| Cases/controls | 38/40 | 42/75 | 99/94 | |
| P-trend | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.01 | |
| Lycopene | 0.09 | |||
| Tertile 1 | 0.8 (0.5-1.5) | 1.1 (0.6-2.0) | 3.4 (1.9-6.1) | |
| Cases/controls | 54/87 | 45/67 | 108/57 | |
| Tertile 2 | 1.0 (0.6-1.9) | 1.6 (0.9-2.9) | 2.2 (1.3-3.8) | |
| Cases/controls | 45/62 | 62/62 | 107/90 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.0 (REF) | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) | 2.1 (1.2-3.6) | |
| Cases/controls | 33/51 | 55/70 | 95/80 | |
| P-trend | 0.94 | 0.78 | 0.02 | |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.25 | |||
| Tertile 1 | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) | 1.5 (0.8-2.8) | 3.8 (2.2-6.9) | |
| Cases/controls | 57/79 | 57/59 | 110/50 | |
| Tertile 2 | 0.8 (0.5-1.5) | 1.4 (0.8-2.8) | 2.0 (1.2-3.6) | |
| Cases/controls | 42/72 | 49/58 | 96/80 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.1 (0.6-1.9) | 1.9 (1.1-3.3) | |
| Cases/controls | 33/49 | 56/82 | 104/97 | |
| P-trend | 0.94 | 0.10 | 0.007 | |
| Total Carotenoids | 0.008 | |||
| Tertile 1 | 0.6 (0.4-1.1) | 1.1 (0.6-2.0) | 3.1 (1.7-5.5) | |
| Cases/controls | 61/99 | 56/65 | 116/53 | |
| Tertile 2 | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | 1.4 (0.8-2.5) | 1.7 (1.0-3.0) | |
| Cases/controls | 37/58 | 61/61 | 105/86 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | 1.5 (0.8-2.6) | |
| Cases/controls | 34/43 | 45/73 | 89/88 | |
| P-trend | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.003 | |
Models were adjusted for matching factors (age [<50, 50-<55, 55-<60, 60-<65, 65+ years], month of blood draw [June 1989-Dec. 1989, Jan. 1990-June 1990, July 1990-Dec. 1990], fasting status [yes/no], and time of blood draw [1:00 am-6:59am, 7:00am-12:59am, 1:00pm-6:59pm, 7:00pm-12:59am]), body mass index (continuous, kg/m2), family history of breast cancer (yes or no), parity and age at birth of first child (nulliparous, 1 4 children with age at first birth <25 years, 1-4 children with age at first birth of 25-29 years, 1-4 children with age at first birth of ≥30 years, ≥5 children with age at first birth of <25 years, or ≥5 children with age at first birth of ≥25 years), alcohol consumption (0, <5, 5 to <15, ≥15 g/day), age at menarche (<12, 12, 13, or >13 y), age at menopause (<46, 46 to <50, 50 to <55, or ≥55 y), and total duration of postmenopausal hormone use (continuous)