Table 1.
List of proteins expressed in animal cells with functions in the processes of MC up-take, toxicity and biotransformation.
| MC toxicity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | Activity | Biological function | Presence of MC | Experimental approach | References |
| PP1, PP2A | serine/threonine protein phosphatase | regulation of protein activity | inhibition of activity | MC-PP interactions | [11,42] |
| DNA-PK | serine/threonine protein kinase | DNA repair | decrease activity | activity of DNA repair synthesis from cell extracts and purified DNA-PK | [49,51] |
| CaMKII | serine/threonine protein kinase | cell signalling | increase in activity | exposure of primary hepatocytes to MC | [56] |
| NeK2 | serine/threonine protein kinase | cell signaling | increase in activity | activity of purified NeK2:PP1 complex | [58] |
| P53 | transcription factor | cell cycle, tumor supression | increase of protein/gene expression | exposure of HepG2, FL cell lines, primary hepatocytes and in vivo liver tissues to MC | [59,61,62] |
| Bcl-2 | regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC) | mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, apoptosis | decrease of protein/gene expression | exposure of primary hepatocytes, in vivo liver tissues and FL cells to MC | [59,61] |
| MAPKs | serine/threonine protein kinase | signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation | increase of gene expression | exposure of HEK293-OATP1B3 cell line to MC | [67] |
| NADPH oxidase | electron transfer to superoxide | production of ROS | increase of gene expression | exposure of HepG2 cell line to MC | [69] |
| Bax, Bid | regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC) | mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, apoptosis | increase of protein expression | in vivo exposure of liver tissues to MC | [73] |
| JNK | MAPK | signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation | increase in protein expression | in vivo exposure of liver tissues to MC | [74] |
| IL-8, CINC-2αβ, L-selectin, β2-integrin | chemotactic cytokines | chemotaxis, inflammatory reactions | increase in protein/gene expression | in vitro exposure of neutrohils to MC | [88,89] |
| OATP | plasma membrane transporter | transport of organic anions | nd (a) | exposure of transfected Xenopus laevis oocytes and Oatp1b2-null mice to MC | [36,38] |
| GST | gluthatione S-transferase | metabolism of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics | differential expression of GST genes | in vivo exposure of fish liver tissues to MC | [96,97] |
| P-glycoprotein | plasma membrane transporter | cellular excretion of cytotoxic compounds | increase of gene expression and protein activity | in vivo exposure of fish liver, gills and brain tissues; fresh water mussel to MC | [100,101] |
(a)
Not determined.