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Mitochondria-generated ROS activate HIF-mediated transcription. Mitochondrial ROS inhibit the hydroxylation of HIF through a yet-unidentified mechanism. In the absence of hydroxylation, HIF-α is not recognized by VHL; thus, it is not targeted for degradation by the proteosome. HIF-α heterodimerizes with HIF-1β and, in the nucleus, binds to hypoxic response elements (HREs), resulting in the transcription of genes such as VEGF.
