Figure 3.

Three types of pulse trains (stimulus protocols) were investigated to elicit flight. (A) Neg + Pos: alternating 1 s duration positive and negative pulses, (B) Pos: 1 s duration positive pulses, (C) Neg: 1 s duration negative pulses. Pulse amplitude was swept from 0.1 to 5.0 V in 100 mV increments when testing for the amplitude threshold. Delay, τ₁ or τ₂, is response time from beginning of positive or negative potential pulse to beginning of wing oscillation, respectively. See Table 1 in Supplementary Material for data on stimulated flight bouts in all tested Cotinis texana.