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Elevation control of a free-flying Mecynorrhina torquata beetle: temporal height-change of a flying beetle (ten flight paths). Alternating positive and negative potential pulse trains at 100 Hz and 2.0 V amplitude to the brain caused the beetle to fly downward. The applied waveform was identical to that in Figure 3A, but the frequency was different (100 Hz). The median height change was 60 cm (the range was 33–129 cm). See Movie 11 in Supplementary Material.
