TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics across quintiles of whole grain intake1
| Quintile of whole grain intake |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P2 |
| n | 203 | 241 | 163 | 208 | 200 | — |
| Median whole grain intake,34servings/d | 0.04 (0–0.15) | 0.32 (0.16–0.50) | 0.65 (0.51–0.81) | 1.04 (0.82–1.29) | 2.00 (1.30–4.07) | <0.0001 |
| PAI-1, μg/L | 20 (12–31) | 19 (11–28) | 15 (9–28) | 16.00 (9–28) | 14 (7–24) | 0.0003 |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.75 (1.02–4.11) | 1.88 (0.97–4.51) | 1.75 (0.67–4.83) | 1.68 (0.71–2.915) | 1.55 (0.62–3.42) | 0.0409 |
| Fibrinogen,5g/L | 2.77 ± 0.57 | 2.78 ± 0.53 | 2.80 ± 0.60 | 2.78 ± 0.56 | 2.73 ± 0.60 | 0.8367 |
| Age, y | 52.6 ± 8.4 | 55.2 ± 8.3 | 55.8 ± 8.3 | 55.3 ± 8.4 | 55.5 ± 8.8 | 0.0010 |
| Sex, % male | 47.29 | 43.98 | 38.65 | 37.98 | 50.00 | 0.0677 |
| Ethnicity, % | <0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 27.59 | 41.08 | 35.58 | 52.88 | 43.50 | |
| African American | 20.69 | 28.22 | 28.22 | 20.19 | 30.50 | |
| Hispanic | 51.72 | 30.71 | 36.20 | 26.92 | 26.00 | |
| Glucose tolerance status, % | 0.5648 | |||||
| Normal | 65.02 | 63.90 | 65.64 | 70.67 | 68.50 | |
| IGT | 34.98 | 36.10 | 34.36 | 29.33 | 31.50 | |
| Smoking status, % | 0.0006 | |||||
| Never | 40.89 | 45.64 | 51.53 | 44.71 | 48.00 | |
| Past | 32.51 | 35.27 | 39.26 | 42.79 | 38.00 | |
| Current | 26.60 | 19.09 | 9.20 | 12.50 | 14.00 | |
| Alcohol Intake, g ethanol/d | 1.07 (0–10.39) | 0.50 (0–5.20) | 0.50 (0–5.73) | 1.14 (0–8.65) | 0.75 (0–8.29) | 0.2653 |
| Total energy intake, kJ/d | 8241 ± 3498 | 7194 ± 3117 | 7004 ± 2689 | 8171 ± 2982 | 8775 ± 3347 | <0.0001 |
| Total estimated energy expenditure, kJ·kg−1·d−1 | 162.4 (149.5–191.0) | 157.7 (146.7–180.9) | 160.4 (149.0–178.5) | 165.4 (148.6–183.1) | 158.8 (149.7–176.9) | 0.2260 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.75 ± 5.75 | 28.81 ± 6.26) | 28.30 ± 4.91 | 28.05 ± 5.56 | 28.24 ± 5.83 | 0.5746 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 91.70 ± 12.91 | 91.09 ± 13.28 | 89.65 ± 11.98 | 89.80 ± 13.56 | 89.93 ± 12.70 | 0.4169 |
| Fasting glucose,6mg/L | 990 ± 110 | 990 ± 120 | 990 ± 120 | 980 ± 100 | 980 ± 110 | 0.6925 |
| SI 10−4·min−1·μU−1·mL−1 | 1.61 (0.89–2.79) | 1.62 (0.81–2.67) | 1.50 (0.87–2.77) | 1.55 (0.97–3.10) | 1.91 (0.99–3.46) | 0.1052 |
| Dietary variables | ||||||
| Vegetables,4servings/d | 2.54 (2.33, 2.76) | 2.67 (2.47, 2.86) | 2.96 (2.72, 3.20) | 3.22 (3.01, 3.43) | 3.12 (2.90, 3.34) | <0.0001 |
| Fruit,4servings/d | 1.07 (0.89, 1.24) | 1.45 (1.28, 1.61) | 1.71 (1.51, 1.91) | 1.76 (1.59, 1.94) | 2.14 (1.95, 2.32) | <0.0001 |
| Oleic acid, % of total energy | 13.52 (13.14, 13.89) | 13.40 (13.05, 13.74) | 12.84 (12.42, 13.26) | 12.73 (12.36, 13.10) | 11.81 (11.43, 12.19) | <0.0001 |
| PUFA, % of total energy | 6.75 (6.49, 7.00) | 6.70 (6.47, 6.94) | 6.76 (6.47, 7.04) | 6.70 (6.44, 6.95) | 6.68 (6.42, 6.94) | 0.9923 |
| Saturated fat, % of total energy | 13.06 (12.64, 13.48) | 12.95 (12.57, 13.34) | 12.06 (11.59, 12.53) | 12.29 (11.87, 12.70) | 10.78 (10.36, 11.21) | <0.0001 |
| Refined grain intake,4servings/d | 1.63 (1.52, 1.74) | 1.45 (1.35, 1.55) | 1.33 (1.21, 1.45) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.05) | <0.0001 |
Continuous variables presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR). Categorical variables are presented as percent of participants in quintile. Dietary variables are presented as LS means (95% CI) adjusted for total energy intake.
For continuous variables, P-value from ANOVA comparison across quintiles or from Kruskal-Wallis comparison across quintiles if variable was skewed. For categorical variables, P-value for chi square value for comparison across quintiles. For dietary variables, P-value for ANCOVA comparison across quintiles, adjusted for total energy intake.
Whole grain intake displayed as median and range for quintile.
One serving corresponds to a participant-identified, medium-sized serving of FFQ line items comparable to servings consumed by men or women of the same age.
To convert fibrinogen from g/L to μmol/L, multiply by 2.94.
To convert glucose from mg/L to mmol/L, multiply by 0.00555.