Table 3. Factors associated with treatment failure in the primary analysis in the NNRTI Response Study—Zambia, Kenya, Thailand (2005–2008).
| Factors | No. Failures/N (%) | Unadjusted ORs (95% Exact Confidence Limits) | Adjusted ORsa (95% Wald Confidence Limits) |
| Interval between single-dose nevirapine exposure and starting NNRTI-based ART, mo | |||
| Unexposed | 132/523 (25) | Ref | Ref |
| 1-6 | 47/116 (41) | 2.02 (1.29, 3.13) | 2.16 (1.34, 3.49) |
| 7–12 | 25/67 (37) | 1.76 (0.99, 3.09) | 1.47 (0.82, 2.65) |
| >12 | 42/172 (24) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.45) | 1.02 (0.66, 1.59) |
| Country | |||
| Thailand | 34/217 (16) | Ref | Ref |
| Zambia | 159/509 (31) | 2.44 (1.60, 3.81) | 2.60 (1.63, 4.14) |
| Kenya | 53/152 (35) | 2.87 (1.71, 4.89) | 2.17 (1.23, 3.82) |
| CD4+ lymphocyte count (cells/µl) | |||
| ≥200 | 58/255 (23) | Ref | Ref |
| 50 to 199 | 126/479 (26) | 1.21 (0.84, 1.77) | 1.21 (0.81, 1.81) |
| 0 to 49 | 62/144 (43) | 2.56 (1.61, 4.09) | 2.60 (1.56, 4.33) |
| Plasma viral load, log copies/ml (missing = 6) | |||
| <4.0 | 20/114 (17) | Ref | Ref |
| 4.0 to <5.0 | 75/296 (25) | 1.59 (0.90, 2.92) | 1.72 (0.96, 3.08) |
| ≥5.0 | 149/462 (32) | 2.24 (1.31, 3.98) | 2.01 (1.14, 3.55) |
| WHO stage | |||
| I or II | 88/416 (21) | Ref | Ref |
| III | 121/358 (34) | 1.90 (1.36, 2.66) | 1.47 (1.01, 2.13) |
| IV | 37/104 (36) | 2.06 (1.25, 3.35) | 1.55 (0.91, 2.65) |
| Age (y) | |||
| ≥30 | 130/560 (23) | Ref | Ref |
| <30 | 116/318 (36) | 1.90 (1.39, 2.60) | 1.81 (1.29, 2.54) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl; (missing = 16) | |||
| ≥8.0 | 215/808 (27) | Ref | Ref |
| <8.0 | 27/54 (50) | 2.75 (1.52, 5.00) | 1.94 (1.06, 3.55) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||
| ≥18 | 161/678 (24) | Ref | Ref |
| <18 | 85/200 (42) | 2.37 (1.68, 3.35) | 1.66 (1.15, 2.39) |
| Weight, kg | |||
| ≥50 | 123/533 (23) | Ref | — |
| <50 | 123/345 (36) | 1.85 (1.35, 2.52) | — |
| NNRTI initially prescribed | |||
| NVP | 231/820 (28) | Ref | — |
| EFV | 15/58 (26) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.67) | — |
| TB at baseline | |||
| No active TB | 221/807 (27) | Ref | — |
| Active TB | 25/71 (35) | 1.44 (0.83, 2.46) | — |
See Methods for definition of primary analysis.
a
Adjusted ORs controlling for country, CD4 cell count, viral load, WHO stage, age, hemoglobin, and body mass index (all as categorical variables as in Table 1. Twenty-one observations are not included, owing to missing baseline results for either viral load or hemoglobin.
Ref, referent group.