| Tanzania (rural) |
This paper |
2008–2009 |
2 months to 14 years |
Admitted with ≥3 days fever or < 3days fever but with severity criteria |
1502 children (blood) |
156 (10) |
14 (9) |
45 (29) |
3 |
| 1. Gambia (rural) |
Enwere et al. 2006 (11) |
2003–2004 |
2–29 months |
In and outpatients with signs of infection and a temperature of ≥38°C. Carriedout as part of a pneumococcal vaccine trial |
7369 specimens (blood, CSF, lung aspirate) |
330 (4) |
0 (0) |
92 (28) |
No S typhi
|
| 2. Gambia (rural) |
O'Dempsey et al. 1994 (12) |
1989–1991 |
<5 years |
Admitted with pneumonia, meningitis or suspected septicaemia |
1162 children (blood) |
184 (16) |
11 (6) |
19 (10) |
2 |
| 3. Gambia (urban) |
Mabey et al. 1987 (13) |
1979–1984 |
children |
Admitted |
(blood) |
247 |
45 (18) |
71 (29) |
2 |
| 4. Kenya (rural) |
Williams et al. 2009 (14) |
1998–2008 |
<14 years |
All admitted except those with elective procedures or accidents |
38441 children (blood) |
2157 (6) |
9 (0.4) |
211 (10) |
23 |
| 5. Kenya (rural) |
Brent et al. 2006 (15) |
2003 |
<5 years |
Randomly selected 10% of outpatients, excluding those admitted to hospital within the previous 10 days |
1093 children (blood) |
22 (2) |
0 (0) |
2 (9) |
No S typhi
|
| 6. Kenya (rural) |
Berkley et al. 2005 (16) |
1998–2002 |
<13 years |
All admitted except those with elective procedures or accidents |
19339 children (blood) |
228 (13) |
1 (0.4) |
166 (73) |
166 |
| 7. Kenya (rural) |
Berkley et al. 1999 (17) |
1993–1996 |
children |
Admitted with severe malaria |
783 children (blood) |
42 (5) |
0 (0) |
6 (14) |
No S typhi
|
| 8. Malawi (mixed) |
Bronzan et al. 2007 (18) |
1996–2005 |
≥6 months–≤15 years |
Admitted with severe malaria |
1388 children (blood) |
64 (5) |
1 (2) |
37 (58) |
37 |
| 9. Malawi (mixed) |
Walsh et al. 2000 (19) |
1996–1997 |
≤15 years |
Admitted with suspected bacteremia (febrile or very ill without an adequate explanation by physical examination or blood film) or who remained febrile after treatment for malaria |
2123 children (blood) |
365 (17) |
15 (4) |
140 (38) |
9 |
| 10. Mozambique (rural) |
Sigauque et al. 2009 (20) |
2001–2006 |
<15 years |
All admitted <2 years of age. Those 2–14 years with temperature ≥39°C or with severity criteria |
19 896 children (blood) |
1550 (8) |
3 (0.2) |
401 (26) |
134 |
| 11. Nigeria (urban) |
Falade et al. 2009 (21) |
2005–2006 |
2–59 months |
Admitted with features of community-acquired pneumococcal disease |
330 children (blood) |
95 (29) |
0 (0) |
15 (16) |
No S typhi
|
| 12. Rwanda (mixed) |
Lepage et al. 1987 (22) |
1984–1985 |
<15-years |
Outpatients with temp ≥39°C excluding those admitted to hospital within the preceding 3 months and those with measles up to 10 days after onset of rash |
14032 children (blood) |
112 (1) |
47 (42) |
36 (32) |
0.8 |
| 13. Uganda (urban) |
Bachou et al. 2006 (23) |
2003–2004 |
<5 years |
Admitted with severe malnutrition |
445 children (blood) |
76 (17) |
5 (7) |
28 (37) |
6 |
| 14. Zaire (rural) |
Bahwere et al. 2001 (24) |
1989–1990 |
All children |
On admission (whether febrile or not) |
779 children (blood) |
124 (16) |
2 (2) |
53 (43) |
27 |
| 15. Zaire (rural) |
Cheesbrough et al. 1997 (25) |
1990–1992 |
1–16 years |
In and outpatients, fitted into a preset clinical case definition of salmonella bacteraemia |
120 children (blood) |
55 (46) |
11 (20) |
35 (63) |
3 |
| 16. Zaire (rural) |
Green et al. 1993 (26) |
|
≤5 years |
Admitted with clinically suspected salmonella infection (i.e. persistent fever, no response to anti-malarial treatment) |
--- (blood, CSF, joint aspirate) |
206 |
34 (17) |
172 (84) |
5 |
