Table 3. Clinical features on admission and outcome of febrile cases, by non-mutually exclusive laboratory-confirmed groups*.
| All | Group 1: Typhoid fever (n = 14) | Group 2: Invasive NTS infection (n = 45) | Group 3: Other pathogenic bacteraemia (n = 97) | Group 4: Malaria (n = 947) | Group 5: No bacteraemia and malaria (n = 474) | P value (1vs5) | P value (2vs5) | P value (3vs5) | P value (4vs5) | |
| Mean age in years; n = 1,502 | 2.6 | 7.5 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.00 |
| N (%) male; n = 1,502 | 813 (54.1) | 3 (21.4) | 24 (53.3) | 45 (46.4) | 501 (52.9) | 274 (57.8) | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| N (%) with low maternal education; n = 1,348 | 457 (33.9) | 3 (30.0) | 17 (43.6) | 36 (41.4) | 314 (37.1) | 118 (27.2) | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Mean days of fever; n = 1,499 | 5.0 | 10.1 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with cough; n = 1,502 | 876 (58.3) | 8 (57.1) | 33 (73.3) | 66 (68.0) | 490 (51.7) | 333 (70.3) | 0.37 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with diarrhea; n = 1,493 | 287 (19.2) | 6 (42.9) | 10 (22.2) | 18 (18.8) | 129 (13.7) | 137 (29.0) | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with vomiting; n = 1,491 | 737 (49.4) | 10 (71.4) | 24 (53.3) | 41 (42.7) | 466 (49.6) | 234 (49.7) | 0.17 | 0.76 | 0.22 | 1.00 |
| N (%) with seizures; n = 1,495 | 220 (14.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.4) | 15 (15.5) | 180 (19.1) | 34 (7.2) | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with coma; n = 1,476 | 94 (6.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.7) | 12 (12.4) | 77 (8.3) | 10 (2.1) | 1.00 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| N (%) received antimalarial; n = 1,485 | 921 (62.0) | 8 (61.5) | 35 (77.8) | 64 (66.7) | 585 (62.2) | 287 (61.6) | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.82 |
| N (%) received antimicrobial; n = 1,485 | 247 (16.7) | 2 (14.3) | 9 (20.0) | 24 (24.7) | 104 (11.2) | 121 (25.9) | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.90 | 0.00 |
| Mean axillary temp on admission in °C; n = 1,483 | 38.1 | 38.5 | 38.1 | 38.2 | 38.1 | 38.0 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.15 | 0.10 |
| Mean heart rate on admission; n = 1,465 | 155.0 | 122.6 | 163.0 | 153.6 | 156.6 | 153.0 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.02 |
| N (%) with desaturation; n = 1,475 | 85 (5.8) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (6.8) | 5 (5.2) | 43 (4.6) | 37 (8.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.52 | 0.01 |
| N (%) with severe palmar pallor; n = 1,498 | 434 (29.0) | 0 (0) | 28 (62.2) | 33 (34.0) | 383 (40.5) | 34 (7.2) | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Among children 12–59 months, n (%) with MUAC<12.5 cm; n = 859 | 47 (5.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (12.5) | 2 (4.2) | 16 (2.6) | 28 (13.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with sign of severe malnutrition; n = 1,499 | 47 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.5) | 5 (5.2) | 14 (1.5) | 27 (5.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with sign of shock; n = 1,495 | 55 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.5) | 7 (7.3) | 35 (3.7) | 13 (2.8) | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.44 |
| N (%) with sign of dehydration; n = 1,459 | 60 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (9.1) | 5 (5.4) | 18 (1.9) | 36 (7.9) | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with jaundice; n = 1,475 | 18 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (1.1) | 14 (1.5) | 3 (0.7) | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 0.21 |
| N (%) prostrated; n = 1,292 | 337 (26.1) | 2 (20.0) | 7 (17.5) | 32 (37.6) | 269 (32.4) | 52 (13.0) | 0.63 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with neck stiffness or bulging fontanelle; n = 1,491 | 24 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (5.2) | 6 (0.6) | 13 (2.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with impaired consciousness; n = 1,481 | 68 (4.6) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (6.8) | 8 (8.3) | 57 (6.1) | 7 (1.5) | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mean blood glucose in mmol/litre; n = 840 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.20 |
| N (%) with hypoglycemia; n = 840 | 63 (7.5) | 1 (25.0) | 6 (21.4) | 7 (12.3) | 48 (7.8) | 8 (4.3) | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.14 |
| Mean hemoglobin in g/dl; n = 1,478 | 8.0 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 9.7 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with anemia; n = 1,478 | 674 (45.6) | 2 (14.3) | 37 (82.2) | 45 (46.9) | 550 (59.3) | 95 (20.2) | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| N (%) with severe anemia; n = 1,478 | 274 (18.5) | 0 (0) | 18 (40.0) | 15 (15.6) | 244 (26.3) | 23 (4.9) | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Among children ≥18 months, n (%) HIV infected; n = 854 | 67 (7.8) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (9.1) | 10 (20.8) | 36 (5.7) | 24 (13.3) | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.00 |
| Died; n = 1,502 | 92 (6.1) | 1 (7.1) | 11 (24.4) | 11 (11.3) | 54 (5.7) | 27 (5.7) | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 |
*Comparisons of categorical data were made using the Chi square or Fishers' Exact test, as appropriate. Comparisons of continuous data were made using student's t-test for data with equal variance or Welch's t-test for those with unequal variance.