Table 2.
Parameter estimates from the competing models from the models adjusted for age, sex, education, and income
| Under-65 | 65 and Older | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Additive Model, mean and 95% CI | Minimum Model, mean and 95% CI | Multiplicative Model, mean and 95% CI | Additive Model, mean and 95% CI | Minimum Model, mean and 95% CI | Multiplicative Model, mean and 95% CI |
| Constant | 0.618 (0.603, 0.636) | 0.673 (0.653, 0.693) | 0.624 (0.603, 0.647) | 0.968 (0.958, 0.975) | 1.002 (0.989, 1.009) | 0.986 (0.975, 0.996) |
| Age in years | 0.0009 (0.0007, 0.0012) | 0.0004 (0.0001, 0.0007) | 0.0010 (0.0006, 0.0013) | −0.0021 (−0.0022, −0.0020) | −0.002 (−0.003, −0.002) | −0.0023 (−0.0025, −0.0022) |
| Male | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.003) | 0.003 (−0.002, 0.008) | −0.002 (−0.008, 0.004) | 0.003 (0.001, 0.004) | 0.001 (−0.00005, 0.003) | 0.003 (0.002, 0.005) |
| Education: High School or GED | 0.0003 (−0.006, 0.007) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.008) | −0.0001 (−0.007, 0.007) | 0.009 (0.007, 0.011) | 0.013 (0.011, 0.015) | 0.011 (0.009, 0.013) |
| Education: more than High School | 0.006 (0.00007, 0.013 | 0.008 (0.001, 0.014) | 0.007 (0.0002, 0.014) | 0.016 (0.014, 0.017) | 0.019 (0.017, 0.021) | 0.017 (0.015, 0.019) |
| Income: less than $10,000/year | −0.001 (−0.008, 0.006) | −0.004 (−0.010, 0.002) | −0.002 (−0.009, 0.005) | −0.026 (−0.028, −0.024) | −0.031 (−0.033, −0.029) | −0.028 (−0.031, −0.026) |
| Income: $10,000 –20,000/year | −0.009 (−0.015, −0.003) | −0.010 (−0.016, −0.005) | −0.011 (−0.018, −0.005) | −0.018 (−0.020, −0.017) | −0.021 (−0.023, −0.019) | −0.020 (−0.021, −0.018) |
| Depression for most of the last year | −0.088 (−0.093, −0.083) | −0.182 (−0.193, −0.171) | 0.145 (0.137, 0.153) | −0.118 (−0.120, −0.115) | −0.224 (−0.227, −0.221) | 0.167 (0.163, 0.170) |
| Emphysema or asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | −0.013 (−0.018, −0.007) | −0.052 (−0.071, −0.033) | 0.023 (0.014, 0.033) | −0.041 (−0.043, −0.039) | −0.122 (−0.125, −0.119) | 0.058 (0.055, 0.061) |
| Arthritis of the hip or knee | −0.025(−0.031, −0.019) | −0.079 (−0.092, −0.066) | 0.043 (0.034, 0.053) | −0.042 (−0.044, −0.041) | −0.108 (−0.110, −0.106) | 0.057 (0.055, 0.059) |
| Problems controlling urination | −0.025 (−0.030, −0.019) | −0.089 (−0.102, −0.075) | 0.045 (0.037, 0.054) | −0.038 (−0.039, −0.036) | −0.080 (−0.083, −0.077) | 0.052 (0.050, 0.054) |
| Sciatica | −0.037 (−0.043, −0.032) | −0.117 (−0.129, −0.105) | 0.065 (0.057, 0.073) | −0.034 (−0.036, −0.032) | −0.067 (−0.071, −0.064) | 0.047 (0.045, 0.050) |
| Stroke | −0.002 (−0.009, 0.006) | 0.024 (−0.006, 0.056) | 0.002 (−0.011, 0.016) | −0.032 (−0.034, −0.029) | −0.065 (−0.071, −0.059) | 0.046 (0.042, 0.050) |
| Congestive heart failure | −0.004 (−0.012, 0.005) | 0.0003 (−0.050, 0.050) | 0.008 (−0.007, 0.022) | −0.029 (−0.033, −0.026) | −0.090 (−0.097, −0.084) | 0.045 (0.041, 0.050) |
| Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis or inflammatory bowel disease | −0.019 (−0.026, −0.011) | −0.068 (−0.097, −0.040) | 0.034 (0.020, 0.049) | −0.029 (−0.032, −0.026) | −0.068 (−0.076, −0.059) | 0.044 (0.039, 0.048) |
| Vision impairment | 0.0002 (−0.009, 0.009) | 0.023 (−0.010, 0.057) | −0.003 (−0.019, 0.013) | −0.023 (−0.027, −0.020) | −0.049 (−0.056, −0.041) | 0.034 (0.029, 0.039) |
| Hearing impairment | −0.002 (−0.010, 0.005) | 0.023 (−0.018, 0.061) | 0.005 (−0.008, 0.017) | −0.023 (−0.025, −0.020) | −0.047 (−0.052, −0.042) | 0.033 (0.030, 0.036) |
| Arthritis of the hand or wrist | −0.015 (−0.021, −0.008) | −0.056 (−0.075, −0.038) | 0.026 (0.016, 0.035) | −0.022 (−0.024, −0.021) | −0.036 (−0.039, −0.032) | 0.030 (0.028, 0.033) |
| Diabetes | −0.002 (−0.007, 0.004) | −0.044 (−0.062, −0.026) | 0.005 (−0.005, 0.015) | −0.021 (−0.023, −0.019) | −0.024 (−0.029, −0.019) | 0.029 (0.026, 0.031) |
| Other heart conditions (valve, murmur) | −0.012 (−0.018, −0.006) | −0.044 (−0.062, −0.026) | 0.022 (0.012, 0.032) | −0.020 (−0.021, −0.018) | −0.040 (−0.044, −0.036) | 0.027 (0.025, 0.030) |
| Angina pectoris or coronary artery disease | −0.010 (−0.017, −0.0023) | −0.002 (−0.030, 0.025) | 0.016 (0.002, 0.029) | −0.017 (−0.020, −0.015) | −0.035 (−0.041, −0.029) | 0.025 (0.022, 0.028) |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.005 (−0.004, 0.013) | −0.015 (−0.101, 0.070) | −0.008 (−0.023, 0.008) | −0.006 (−0.009, −0.004) | −0.016 (−0.027, −0.004) | 0.009 (0.006, 0.013) |
| Mean Squared Error | 0.0088 (0.0087, 0.0088) | 0.0092 (0.0092, 0.0093) | 0.0087 (0.0087, 0.0088) | 0.0104 (0.0104, 0.0104) | 0.0113 (0.0113, 0.0113) | 0.0103 (0.0103, 0.0103) |