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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Nov 17;107(2-3):154. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.10.002

Figure 1. Longitudinal associations between major depressive disorder and substance dependence.

Figure 1

Values printed along straight, directional arrows represent odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. Values next to the curved arrows connecting MDD and DAD at each age are Pearson correlations between the disorders. MDD=major depressive disorder; DAD=drug and alcohol dependence.