Table 3.
Effects of pioglitazone on gene expression in the islet from m/m and db/db mice treated with or without pioglitazone for 2 wk
| Gene Name | Abbreviation | ID | m/m cont | pio | db/db cont | pio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic hormones | ||||||
| InsulinI | InsulinI | X04725 | 1 | 0.89 | 1 | 0.60 |
| InsulinII | InsulinII | NM 008384 | 1 | 0.78 | 1 | 0.29* |
| Amylin | Amylin | NM 010491 | 1 | 1.02 | 1 | 0.60 |
| PPARs | ||||||
| Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | PPARγ | NM 011146 | 1 | 0.12* | 1 | 0.16* |
| Cell differentiation | ||||||
| Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 | PDX-1 | NM 008814 | 1 | 1.20 | 1 | 3.56* |
| Hairy and enhancer of split 1 | Hes1 | NM 008235 | 1 | 0.55 | 1 | 0.40 |
| Neurogenic differentiation 1 | NeuroD | NM 010894 | 1 | 3.15* | 1 | 3.89* |
| NK2 transcription factor related, locus 2 | Nkx2–2 | NM 010919 | 1 | 1.56 | 1 | 2.56* |
| Cell proliferation | ||||||
| Cyclin D1 | Ccnd1 | NM 007631 | nd | + | 1 | 2.56* |
| Cyclin E1 | Ccne1 | NM 007633 | nd | + | nd | + |
| Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 | ERK1 | NM 011952 | nd | + | 1 | 4.56* |
| Apoptosis | ||||||
| B-cell leukemia/lymphoma2 | Bcl-2 | NM 177410 | 1 | 1.68 | 1 | 3.98* |
| Caspase-activated DNase | CAD | AB009377 | nd | nd | 1 | 0.12* |
| Inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase | ICAD-S | AB009376 | 1 | 1.88 | nd | + |
| Oxidative stress and ER stress | ||||||
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase | NADPH oxidase | NM 172203 | nd | nd | 1 | nd |
| Catalase | Catalase | BC047126 | nd | nd | 1 | 3.01* |
| Glutathione peroxidase 1 | GSHPx | NM 008160 | nd | nd | 1 | 2.96* |
| Superoxide dismutase 2 | SOD2 | NM 013671 | 1 | 0.98 | 1 | 4.56* |
| X-box binding protein-1 | XBP-1 | NM 013842 | 1 | 0.88 | 1 | nd |
| Lipid synthesis | ||||||
| Fatty acid synthase | FAS | NM 007988 | nd | nd | 1 | 0.75 |
| Fatty acid transporter 4 | FATP4 | NM 011989 | nd | nd | 1 | 0.65 |
| Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c | SREBP1c | AL669954 | nd | nd | 1 | 0.31* |
| Inflammation | ||||||
| Tumor necrosis factor | TNF | NM 013693 | nd | nd | 1 | 0.15* |
The data are the mRNA levels of pioglitazone-treated mice relative to mRNA of control mice. cont: control group, pio: pioglitazone group. Each result is the mean of 5 experiments per group. The nd (not detected) and + symbols were defined as described for long-term study (Table 2).
*
P < 0.05 versus control mice.