Table 1. Synthetic polymers: in vivo vascular regeneration.

Synthetic polymer	Coating composition	Cell type seeded	Preconditioning scheme	Culture time	EC function	In vivo system	Explant histology	Patency	Ref.
ePTFE	Fibrin glue with FGF-1 and heparin	–	–	–	–	Canine thoracoabdominal aortic position	EC confluence, minimal intimal hyperplasia, increased capillarization, increased collagen content	At least 140 days	[30]
ePTFE	P15 peptide	–	–	–	In vitro, 100% HUVEC confluence on treated polymer at day 8	Arteriovenous grafts in sheep	Decreased thickness of neointimal hyperplasia and increased endothelialization	At least 28 days	[24]
ePTFE	Growth factor -reduced Matrigel™-containing VEGF	–	–	–	High expression of bFGF and a low expression of TGF-β in VEGF-treated EC	Rat abdominal aorta	Increased EC rate, increased myointimal hyperplasia and SMC density	At least 30 days	[29]
Microporous polyurethane	FGF-2, heparin, gelatin	–	–	–	EC proliferation	Rat aorta	Increased endothelialization	At least 4 weeks	[153]
ePTFE	Anti-CD34 antibodies	–	–	–	–	Implanted grafts between carotid artery and internal jugular vein	Rapid endothelialization, increased intimal hyperplasia	At least 28 days	[42]
High-porosity ePTFE	Fibronectin bonding	–	–	–	–	Pig and dog carotid implant model	Increased tissue ingrowth, including EC layer, including thrombus-free area, complete organization of neointima	80% at 6 weeks	[23]

bFGF: Basic FGF; EC: Endothelial cell; ePTFE: Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; HUVEC: Human umbilical vein endothelial cell; SMC: Smooth muscle cell.