Table 1.

Comparison of technology integration models

Model	Brief description of model	References	Content level	Problem	Learning theory	Technology selection addressed	Comments
Assure	Analyze learners; state objectives; select media and materials; utilize media and materials; require learner participation; evaluate and revise	Heinich et al. (2)	All	×			Technology selection not linked to learning problem
ICARE	Introduce; connect; apply; reflect; extend	Hoffman and Ritchie (3)	Learning activity/lesson	×		×	Technology selection not linked to learning problem
Generic	Considers pedagogy, social interaction, and technology	Wang (4)	Learning activity/lesson	×		×
Systematic planning	Linear model consists of problem statement; learning objectives; technology; rationale; strategies; assessment and reflection	Wang and Woo (5)	All	×		×
3D	Consists of information; technology and instructional design	Liu and Johnson (1)	All	×		×	Technology selection not linked to learning problem or theory
RIPPLES	Considers resources; infrastructure; people; policies; learning; evaluation and support	Surrey (6)	All	×
SECTIONS	Considers students, ease of use and reliability; cost; teaching and learning; interactivity; organizational issues; novelty; speed	Bates and Poole (7)	All	×	Partial	×	Technology selection not linked to learning theory
eTIME		Current Paper	Learning activity/lesson	×	×	×	Technology selection linked tightly to learning theory and problem