TABLE 3.
Associations of parental diet with offspring diet adjusted for underreporting1
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||
| Parental dietary intake | β2 | 95% CI | P | β3 | 95% CI | P |
| Difference in offspring energy intake (kJ) | ||||||
| Energy intake | ||||||
| Main maternal-paternal comparisons | ||||||
| z Scores for parental intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal energy (per SD; 1 SD = 1959 kJ) | 34.6 | −10.2, 79.3 | 0.1 | 7.7 | −33.8, 49.2 | 0.7 |
| Paternal energy (per SD; 1 SD = 3045 kJ) | 29.6 | −14.2, 73.3 | 0.2 | 20.6 | −20.3, 61.5 | 0.3 |
| Absolute intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal energy (per 2000 kJ) | 33.5 | −9.9, 77.0 | 0.1 | 7.5 | −32.8, 47.8 | 0.7 |
| Paternal energy (per 2000 kJ) | 18.4 | −8.9, 45.7 | 0.2 | 12.8 | −12.7, 38.4 | 0.3 |
| Mutually adjusted (absolute) | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal energy (per 2000 kJ) | 46.8 | −15.9, 109.5 | 0.1 | 22.4 | −35.7, 80.6 | 0.4 |
| Paternal energy (per 2000 kJ) | 20.5 | −7.2, 48.2 | 0.1 | 14.5 | −11.3, 40.3 | 0.3 |
| Maternal postnatal energy intake | ||||||
| Absolute energy intake (per 2000 kJ) | 29.9 | −6.6, 66.3 | 0.1 | 10.1 | −23.7, 43.9 | 0.6 |
| Difference in offspring protein intake (g) | ||||||
| Protein intake | ||||||
| Main maternal-paternal comparisons | ||||||
| z Scores for parental intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal protein (per SD; 1 SD = 18.0 g) | 3.30 | 2.67, 3.92 | <0.001 | 3.14 | 2.52, 3.77 | <0.001 |
| Paternal protein (per SD; 1 SD = 27.0 g) | 1.77 | 0.85, 2.69 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 0.53, 2.32 | 0.002 |
| Absolute intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal protein (per 20 g) | 3.54 | 2.86, 4.21 | <0.001 | 3.37 | 2.70, 4.04 | <0.001 |
| Paternal protein (per 20 g) | 1.25 | 0.60, 1.90 | <0.001 | 1.01 | 0.37, 1.65 | 0.002 |
| Mutually adjusted (absolute) | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal protein (per 20 g) | 3.37 | 2.40, 4.34 | <0.001 | 3.20 | 2.24, 4.16 | <0.001 |
| Paternal protein (per 20 g) | 0.90 | 0.24, 1.56 | 0.008 | 0.71 | 0.06, 1.35 | 0.03 |
| Maternal postnatal protein intake | ||||||
| Absolute protein intake (per 20 g) | 2.80 | 2.21, 3.38 | <0.001 | 2.78 | 2.22, 3.35 | <0.001 |
| Difference in offspring fat intake (g) | ||||||
| Fat intake | ||||||
| Main maternal-paternal comparisons | ||||||
| z Scores for parental intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal fat intake (per SD) 1 SD = 22.6 g | 2.23 | 1.23, 3.24 | <0.001 | 1.81 | 0.84, 2.77 | <0.001 |
| Paternal fat intake (per SD) 1 SD = 34.9 g | 0.74 | −0.62, 2.09 | 0.3 | 0.50 | −0.80, 1.80 | 0.5 |
| Absolute intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal fat intake (per 20 g) | 1.89 | 1.04, 2.73 | <0.001 | 1.53 | 0.71, 2.34 | <0.001 |
| Paternal fat intake (per 20 g) | 0.41 | −0.34, 1.15 | 0.3 | 0.28 | −0.44, 0.99 | 0.5 |
| Mutually adjusted (absolute) | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal fat intake (per 20 g) | 2.22 | 1.01, 3.43 | <0.001 | 1.83 | 0.67, 2.99 | 0.002 |
| Paternal fat intake (per 20 g) | 0.21 | −0.55, 0.97 | 0.6 | 0.11 | −0.62, 0.83 | 0.8 |
| Maternal postnatal fat intake | ||||||
| Absolute fat intake (per 20 g) | 1.17 | 0.38, 1.96 | 0.004 | 0.95 | 0.19, 1.71 | 0.01 |
| Difference in offspring carbohydrate intake (g) | ||||||
| Carbohydrate intake | ||||||
| Main maternal-paternal comparisons | ||||||
| z Scores for parental intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal carbohydrate (per SD; 1 SD = 60.9 g) | 4.20 | 0.88, 7.52 | 0.01 | 4.91 | 1.75, 8.07 | 0.002 |
| Paternal carbohydrate (per SD; 1 SD = 109.6 g) | 2.04 | −0.63, 4.71 | 0.1 | 1.98 | −0.58, 4.54 | 0.1 |
| Absolute intake | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal carbohydrate (per 50 g) | 3.24 | 0.68, 5.80 | 0.01 | 3.78 | 1.35, 6.22 | 0.002 |
| Paternal carbohydrate (per 50 g) | 0.89 | −0.28, 2.06 | 0.1 | 0.86 | −0.25, 1.98 | 0.1 |
| Mutually adjusted (absolute) | ||||||
| Maternal prenatal carbohydrate (per 50 g) | 3.22 | −0.43, 6.86 | 0.08 | 3.68 | 0.19, 7.17 | 0.04 |
| Paternal carbohydrate (per 50 g) | 0.87 | −0.30, 2.04 | 0.1 | 0.82 | −0.30, 1.94 | 0.1 |
| Maternal postnatal carbohydrate intake | ||||||
| Absolute carbohydrate intake (per 50 g) | 3.58 | 1.41, 5.75 | 0.001 | 3.57 | 1.50, 5.64 | 0.001 |
1
n = 5718 for maternal prenatal, 3009 for paternal, 2968 for mutually adjusted models, and 5179 for maternal diet at 47 mo.
2
Linear regressions adjusted for maternal/paternal energy intake, maternal/paternal underreporting, and child underreporting.
3
Linear regressions adjusted for maternal/paternal energy intake, maternal/paternal dietary underreporting, child underreporting, maternal/paternal height, child height at 10 y, social class, maternal education, paternal education, maternal smoking, paternal smoking, and parity.