Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (mean ± SD except skewed data where geometric mean (95%CI) shown) stratified by enrollment group and ethnicity
| No known CAD | Established CAD | P by | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Europeans | Indian Asians | Europeans | Indian Asians | Ethnicity | CAD group |
| N | 41 | 43 | 42 | 41 | ||
| Age (years) | 61 ± 7 | 58 ± 9 | 67 ± 9 | 61 ± 8 | 0.0001 | 0.0004 |
| Time since diagnosis (days) | 65 ± 7 | 72 ± 9 | 0.08 | |||
| systolic BP (mmHg) | 143 ± 21 | 135 ± 16 | 144 ± 19 | 133 ± 15 | 0.005 | 0.8 |
| diastolic BP (mmHg) | 85 ± 10 | 84 ± 9 | 81 ± 8 | 79 ± 77 | 0.2 | 0.003 |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 63 ± 11 | 65 ± 11 | 61 ± 9 | 65 ± 11 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Weight (kg) | 84 ± 15 | 72 ± 13 | 86 ± 12 | 77 ± 10 | < 0.0001 | 0.08 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 28 ± 4 | 27 ± 3 | 0.0009 | 0.2 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100 ± 12 | 94 ± 10 | 103 ± 8 | 100 ± 9 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| Fasting insulin* (iu/dl) | 41(33-50) | 47(39-58) | 54(45-64) | 66(54-79) | 0.06 | 0.002 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l)* | 5.5(5.2 - 5.8) | 5.6(5.3-6.0) | 5.9(5.5-6.3) | 6.2(5.6-6.8) | 0.3 | 0.03 |
| HbA1c (%)* | 5.7(5.5-5.9) | 6.2(6.0-6.4) | 5.9(5.7-6.2) | 6.7(6.3-7.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.006 |
| eGFR (MDRD equation) | 73 ± 14 | 78 ± 12 | 64 ± 13 | 68 ± 16 | 0.1 | 0.0004 |
| C-Reactive protein(mg/l)* | 1.7(1.1-2.7) | 1.6(1.1-2.3) | 2.3(1.6-3.2) | 1.3(1.0-1.8) | 0.1 | 0.7 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 0.99 | < 0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.17(1.08-1.26) | 1.19(1.10-1.28) | 1.14(1.06-1.23) | 1.04(0.96-1.12) | 0.3 | 0.04 |
| Cholesterol:HDL ratio* | 4.0(3.6-4.3) | 4.0(3.7-4.2) | 3.5(3.3-3.8) | 3.8(3.5-4.2) | 0.4 | 0.06 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)* | 2.8(2.5-3.2) | 2.8(2.6-3.0) | 2.1(1.9-2.4) | 2.1(1.9-2.3) | 0.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)* | 1.2(1.1-1.4) | 1.2(1.1-1.4) | 1.3(1.1-1.5) | 1.4(1.2-1.7) | 0.4 | 0.1 |
| Statin therapy n (%) | 12(29) | 9(21) | 36(86) | 33(81) | 0.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes n (%) | 6(15) | 10(23) | 9(21) | 15(37) | 0.07 | 0.1 |
| FHx heart disease n(%) | 7(17) | 11(25) | 21(50) | 14(34) | 0.6 | 0.004 |
| Smokers (Current/Ex/Never) | 12/20/9 | 8/12/23 | 4/29/9 | 3/16/21 | 0.0005 | 0.2 |
| Maximal hyperaemia (au)* | 145(130-162) | 141(131-153) | 117(105-131) | 111(101-122) | 0.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Reactive hyperaemia (au)* | 57(49-67) | 49(43-56) | 44(38-50) | 39(34-45) | 0.06 | 0.0007 |
* Log transformed data
p = significance between disease and control group and between each ethnic group two way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with test for interaction
No known CAD (Coronary artery disease) recruited from general practice register with no documented history of, or medications suggested of coronary artery disease.
Established CAD recruited with established symptomatic atherosclerotic coronary artery with at least one > 50% stenosis and evidence of other atherosclerotic disease on angiography