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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009 Dec 1;3(1):88–95. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.109.886275

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Rate-dependent effects of chronic amiodarone, alone and combined with acute ranolazine (5 and 10 uM), on maximum rate of rise of action potential upstroke (Vmax) and action potential characteristics in a pulmonary vein (PV) sleeve preparation. A–C: Action potentials (AP) recorded at different basic cycle lengths (BCLs) from a PV sleeve isolated from a chronic amiodarone-treated dog before (panel A) and after addition of ranolazine (5 and 10 μM) (panel B and C). In the absence of ranolazine, the chronic amiodarone-treated PV sleeve displayed 2:1 activation failure at BCL 300 ms. The addition of 5 μM ranolazine induced a marked decrease in Vmax and 4:3 and 4:1 activation failure at 1000 and 300 ms, respectively. The addition of 10 μM ranolazine rendered the preparation inexcitable.