Table 2.
Associations Between Paternal Age and Birth Defect Categories Without Paternal and Maternal Age Interaction Terms for All Defects in Category and for Isolated Defects Only, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2004.
| Defect category | All defects | Isolated defects only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted odds ratio per year increase in paternal age* | 95% confidence interval | P | Adjusted odds ratio per year increase in paternal age* | 95% confidence interval | P | |
| Cleft palate | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.04 | .037 | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.04 | .039 |
| Diaphragmatic hernia† | 1.04 | 1.02, 1.06 | .001 | 1.04 | 1.01, 1.07 | .007 |
| PVS | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.04 | .011 | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.05 | .010 |
| RVOTO | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.04 | .002 | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.05 | .003 |
| Multiple and complex defects (overall) | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.03 | .007 | NA | NA | NA |
PVS, pulmonary valve stenosis; RVOTO, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Adjusted for maternal age, maternal age2, gravidity, periconceptional folic acid use, maternal body mass index, paternal birthplace, paternal education, paternal race and ethnicity, singleton/multiple birth, maternal smoking, maternal alcohol use, paternal drug use, use of assisted reproductive technology, and previous stillbirth or miscarriage
Cases categorized as complex (mostly Pentalogy of Cantrell) were excluded from analysis of diaphragmatic hernia