Time course of slow wave activity (SWA) and prevailing vigilance state (N, nonrapid eye movement sleep; R, rapid eye movement sleep; W, waking) during baseline sleep and recovery sleep following 36 hours' sleep deprivation in humans36 and 24 hours' sleep deprivation in the rat (Franken, unpublished data). Reproduced, with permission, from Dijk et al36 and Paul Franken.