Table 1.

Summary of the raw base-substitution mutational spectrum in humans, and comparison with the de novo spectrum for other model species

Species	Transitions		Transversions				N	Ts:Tv	AT:GC
	AT > GC	GC > AT	AT > TA	GC > TA	AT > CG	GC > CG
H. sapiens	0.221	0.408	0.067	0.110	0.078	0.125	3,336	1.697	1.732
D. melanogaster (12)	0.190	0.305	0.121	0.155	0.115	0.115	174	0.977	1.509
C. elegans (10)	0.105	0.205	0.220	0.281	0.113	0.077	391	0.448	2.235
A. thaliana (11)	0.118	0.588	0.059	0.094	0.071	0.071	85	2.400	3.625
S. cerevisiae (13)	0.103	0.286	0.060	0.312	0.057	0.182	1,250	0.638	3.740
E. coli (9)	0.162	0.317	0.195	0.115	0.155	0.056	1,037	0.920	1.362

N denotes the number of observed mutations, and the final 2 columns denote the ratios of transitions (Ts) and transversions (Tv) and of (GC→AT + GC→TA) to (AT→GC + AT→CG) mutations.