Fig. 1.

Our methods for measuring whole-plant respiration from seedlings to giant trees using closed-air circulation chamber for all sample plants. (A) Measurement of a standing tree using a dark chamber in Siberia, with air temperature controlled using heat generated from wood fires and permafrost (as schematic representation of the system in Fig. S2, and as exemplification of measured data in Fig. S3). (B) Measurement of a standing tree using a dark chamber in Siberia without an air-temperature controller. (C) Measurement of excised and excavated materials from a large tree using a destructive method. (D) Measurement of excised and excavated materials from a midsize tree using a destructive method. (E) Measurement of excised or excavated seedlings. (F) The roots of midsize trees immediately after rapid excavation.