Table 1.
Plants in this study
| Country | City | °N latitude | Species (number of sample trees) |
| Russia | Tura | 64.2 | Larix gmelinii(Rupr.) Rupr. (23), Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr (8), Ledum palustre L (1), Vaccinium uliginosum L (1) |
| Japan | Nakadomari | 40.6 | Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc. var. Hondae Makino (7) |
| Japan | Hachimantai | 40.0 | Fagus crenata Blume (5) |
| Japan | Morioka | 39.5 | Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc (2), Abies sachalinensis (Fr. Schm.) Masters (3), Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach (1), Abies veitchii Lindl (1), Alnus firma Sieb. et Zucc (1), Alnus hirsta Turcz (4), Betula ermanii Cham (1), Betula maximowicziana Regel (3), Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica (Mia.) Hara (11), Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl (1), Cryptomeria japonica (L. fil.) D. Don (7), Cupressus duclouxiana Hickel (2), Fagus crenata Blume (12), Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim (4), Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr (4), Liriodendron tulipifera L (3), Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc (7), Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc (4), Quercus acutissima Carr (5), Quercus cuspidata Blume (2), Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc. var. hondae Makino (7), Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino (2) |
| Japan | Kawaimura | 39.4 | Quercus cuspidata Blume (11) |
| Japan | Ishioka | 36.1 | Chamaecyparis obtusa(Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. (5), Cryptomeria japonica (L. fil.) D. Don (5), Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (3), Pinus thunbergii Parl. (2), Quercus myrsinaefolia Bl. (1), Quercus serrata Thunb. ex. Muuray (1) |
| Japan | Kumamoto | 32.5 | Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky (2), Camellia sasanqua Thunb. ex Murray (1), Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl (1), Dendropanax trifidus (Thunb.) Makino (1), Distylium racemosum Sieb. et Zucc (1), Ficus erecta Thunb (1), Ilex rotunda Thunb (1), Mallotus japonicus (Thunb.) Muell. Arg (1), Melia azedarach L. var. subtripinnata Miq (1), Quercus glauca Thunb. ex Murray (1) |
| Japan | Nago | 26.4 | Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg (23), Schima wallichii spp. liukiuensis (Nak.) Bloemb (7), Diospyros ferrea Bakh (9) |
| Japan | Ishigaki | 24.3 | Calophyllum inophyllum L (1), Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii (1), Dendropanax trifidus (Thunb.) Makino (2), Distylium racemosum Sieb. et Zucc (1), Ficus erecta Thunb (1), Ficus microcarpa L. fil (6), Ficus septica Brumann fil (3), Ficus variegata Blume (1), Fraxinus griffithii C.B.Clarke (1), Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (2), Mallotus japonicus (Thunb.) Muell. Arg (1), Melastoma candidum D. Don (1), Melia azedarach L. var. subtripinnata Miq (1), Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidz (1), Pinus luchuensis Mayr (2), Quercus miyagii Koidz (1) |
| China | Hong Kong | 22.0 | Ficus microcarpa L. fil (1) |
| Thailand | Doi Mae Salong | 20.1 | Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (3), Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait (1) |
| Thailand | Chiang Rai | 19.5 | Mangifera indica L (2), Nerium indicum Mill (1) |
| Thailand | Chiang Mai | 18.5 | Ficus religiosa L (3) |
| Thailand | Mukudahan | 16.3 | Shorea siamensis Miq (4) |
| Thailand | Ubon Ratchathnai | 15.1 | Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (1), Durio zibethinus J. Murr (1), Mangifera indica L (1), Tamarindus indica L (1) |
| Thailand | Bankok | 13.4 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss (4), Bouea macrophylla Griff (1), Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait (5) |
| Indonesia | Samarinda | 0.28 | Shorea smithiana Sym (6) |
Plants are listed by country, city, latitude (oN), species name, and number of individuals (in parentheses). We used excised materials (plain text, no underline) and intact plants (underlined), as well as materials that were analyzed both destructively and nondestructively (dashed underline).