Table 2.
Comparison of fat mass and biomarkers between ETS levels
| ETS ≤4 days/week | ETS 5–7 days/week | ||
| Mixed-effect modelsa | Adjusted mean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE) | p value |
| BMI | 23.8 (0.3) | 25.2 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Peripheral fat mass | |||
| Biceps skin fold thickness | 9.9 (0.5) | 11.2 (0.4) | .02 |
| Triceps skin fold thickness | 14.3 (0.6) | 16.61 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Hip circumference | 95.2 (0.6) | 97.16 (0.6) | <.01 |
| Central fat mass | |||
| Scapular skin fold thickness | 18.9 (0.6) | 21.04 (0.6) | <.01 |
| Waist circumference | 79 (0.9) | 82.2 (0.8) | <.01 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.8 (0.01) | 0.85 (0.01) | .02 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP | 118.3 (1.4) | 118.3 (1.2) | .9 |
| DBP | 78.9 (1.0) | 79.65 (0.9) | .5 |
| Lipid profile | |||
| TG | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.44 (0.2) | .8 |
| LDL-C | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.28 (0.09) | .9 |
| HDL-C | 1.4 (0.04) | 1.22 (0.04) | <.01 |
| TC | 4.9 (0.1) | 4.75 (0.09) | .2 |
| Diabetes components | |||
| Fasting glucose | 4.2(0.1) | 4.26(0.1) | .9 |
| Fasting insulin | 5.0(0.4) | 6.56(0.4) | <.01 |
| ETS 5–7 days/week vs. ETS ≤4 days/week |
|||
| GEE modelsb | OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Metabolic syndrome | 2.8 | 1.2–6.6 | .01 |
| Components | |||
| Impaired glucose | 1.1 | 0.3–4.1 | .8 |
| High blood pressure | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | .7 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 2.1 | 1.1–3.9 | .02 |
| Reduced HDL-C | 1.9 | 1.1–3.1 | .02 |
| Central obesity | 2.7 | 1.6–4.5 | <.0001 |
Note. aCovariates controlled in mixed-effect models: age, gender, education, income, alcohol drinking, and active smoking status. BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; ETS = environmental tobacco smoke; GEE = generalized estimating equation; OR = odds ratio; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triacylglycerols.
b
Covariates controlled in GEE models: age, gender, education, income, alcohol drinking, and active smoking status. Reference group for OR: ETS ≤4 days per week.