Table 4.
Comparison of fat mass and biomarkers between ETS levels in female never-smokers
| ETS ≤4 days/week | ETS 5–7 days/week | ||
| Adjusted mean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE) | p value | |
| BMI | 22.6 (0.4) | 24.4 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Peripheral fat mass | |||
| Biceps skin fold thickness | 11.1 (0.7) | 13.5 (0.7) | .01 |
| Triceps skin fold thickness | 16.9 (0.7) | 19.3 (0.7) | .01 |
| Hip circumference | 95.1 (0.8) | 97.1 (0.8) | .07 |
| Central fat mass | |||
| Scapular skin fold thickness | 19 (0.7) | 22 (0.7) | <.01 |
| Waist circumference | 72.9 (0.9) | 76.4 (1.0) | .01 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.8 (0.01) | 0.8 (0.01) | .02 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP | 112.1 (1.7) | 113.7 (1.8) | .5 |
| DBP | 74.2 (1.2) | 76.4 (1.2) | .2 |
| Lipid profile | |||
| TG | 1.0 (0.07) | 1.0 (0.08) | .6 |
| LDL-C | 2.1 (0.1) | 2.1 (0.1) | .6 |
| HDL-C | 1.6 (0.04) | 1.4 (0.05) | <.001 |
| TC | 4.8 (0.1) | 4.7 (0.1) | .3 |
| Diabetes components | |||
| Fasting glucose | 4.0 (0.09) | 4.2 (0.1) | .3 |
| Fasting insulin | 5.0 (0.4) | 6.5 (0.4) | .01 |
Note. Covariates controlled in general linear models: age, education, income, and alcohol drinking. DBP = diastolic blood pressure; ETS = environmental tobacco smoke; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triacylglycerols.