Serum levels of (A) estradiol and (B) progesterone in rhesus monkeys undergoing controlled ovulation (COv; control), COv plus acute epitheliectomy (EpiX) using a cytology brush (protocol 1), or SDS and mild abrasion (protocol 2). EpiX marks the day of initial surgery and injection of acyline, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) marks the day a bolus of hCG was administered to trigger ovulation. For each data point, n = 4–6; error bars denote the standard deviation. No statistical differences in estradiol or progesterone levels were detected as a result of EpiX in either protocol.