Table 2.
All cells studied |
FGF signaling |
Transforming growth factor-β signaling |
Wnt/β-catenin signaling |
PDL fibroblasts |
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling |
SHH pathway |
Pulpal fibroblasts |
EGF signaling |
SHH pathway |
VEGF signaling |
Interleukin-6 signaling |
ERK/MAPK signaling |
Estrogen receptor signaling |
Bone cells |
PPAR signaling |
Nuclear factor-κB signaling |
Estrogen receptor signaling |
PDL, periodontal ligament; SHH, Sonic Hedgehog; EGF, epidermal growth factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.