Table 4.
Biomarkers of Stress by Demographic and Medical Factors in North Carolina Pregnant Women, 2000–2004
|
Cortisol, 14–18 weeks' gestation (n = 460) |
Cortisol, 24–29 weeks' gestation (n = 353) |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, 14–18 weeks' gestation (n = 1486) |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, 24–29 weeks' gestation (n = 1466) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meana | SD | p | Mean | SD | p | Meanb | SD | p | Mean | SD | p | |
Age, years | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.51 | ||||||||
<20 | 0.52 | 0.29 | 0.51 | 0.20 | 484 | 257 | 616 | 385 | ||||
20–24 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 463 | 261 | 586 | 339 | ||||
25–29 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 480 | 274 | 613 | 364 | ||||
30–35 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.29 | 488 | 277 | 633 | 380 | ||||
>35 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 451 | 252 | 635 | 383 | ||||
Race | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.06 | ||||||||
White | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.27 | 475 | 270 | 629 | 371 | ||||
Black | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 469 | 266 | 571 | 352 | ||||
Other | 0.48 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.21 | 503 | 263 | 614 | 374 | ||||
Parity | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.51 | ||||||||
0 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.27 | 469 | 261 | 628 | 386 | ||||
1 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 486 | 281 | 608 | 354 | ||||
2 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.53 | 0.21 | 478 | 257 | 620 | 354 | ||||
3+ | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 472 | 275 | 570 | 344 | ||||
Education | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.01 | ||||||||
Less than high school | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 424 | 239 | 543 | 375 | ||||
High school | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.49 | 0.22 | 483 | 262 | 567 | 319 | ||||
Some college | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 481 | 262 | 622 | 385 | ||||
College degree | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.58 | 0.31 | 475 | 273 | 619 | 360 | ||||
More than college | 0.45 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 0.22 | 484 | 278 | 651 | 381 | ||||
Marital status | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.40 | 0.04 | ||||||||
Single | 0.43 | 0.25 | 0.53 | 0.22 | 476 | 272 | 573 | 357 | ||||
Married | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 473 | 267 | 626 | 371 | ||||
Divorced/separated/widowed | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 523 | 280 | 674 | 373 | ||||
Income | 0.35 | 0.86 | 0.50 | 0.46 | ||||||||
<100 | 0.43 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 451 | 235 | 601 | 360 | ||||
100–200 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 491 | 280 | 613 | 400 | ||||
200–400 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.53 | 0.25 | 473 | 269 | 599 | 367 | ||||
>400 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.27 | 481 | 279 | 634 | 368 | ||||
Smoked during pregnancy | <0.01 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.58 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 466 | 261 | 598 | 371 | ||||
No | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 478 | 272 | 624 | 373 | ||||
Working or fulltime student during pregnancy | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.76 | 0.42 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 477 | 273 | 614 | 365 | ||||
No | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.35 | 471 | 252 | 634 | 386 | ||||
Body mass index (Institute of Medicine categories) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.33 | |||||||||
Underweight | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 490 | 275 | 636 | 356 | <0.01 | |||
Normal | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.57 | 0.27 | 478 | 273 | 638 | 389 | ||||
Overweight | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.52 | 0.20 | 495 | 266 | 628 | 356 | ||||
Obese | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.23 | 455 | 256 | 552 | 314 | ||||
Ethnicity | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.90 | 0.39 | ||||||||
Hispanic | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 480 | 241 | 657 | 498 | ||||
Non-Hispanic | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 476 | 271 | 616 | 362 | ||||
Pre-eclampsia in this pregnancy | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.35 | <0.01 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 503 | 264 | 802 | 552 | ||||
No | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 474 | 267 | 606 | 352 | ||||
Pregnancy-induced hypertension in this pregnancy | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.93 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.12 | 461 | 208 | 613 | 340 | ||||
No | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 477 | 271 | 617 | 370 | ||||
Chronic hypertension | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.41 | 0.72 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 456 | 271 | 604 | 357 | ||||
No | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 477 | 267 | 617 | 369 | ||||
Anemia, trimester 2 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.12 | 0.08 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.57 | 0.22 | 515 | 298 | 678 | 406 | ||||
No | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 473 | 264 | 612 | 364 | ||||
Previous miscarriage | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.32 | ||||||||
0 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 469 | 261 | 610 | 354 | ||||
1 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 485 | 286 | 625 | 384 | ||||
2+ | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 511 | 289 | 662 | 448 | ||||
Previous preterm birth | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.93 | 0.08 | ||||||||
0 | 0.45 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 475 | 265 | 626 | 378 | ||||
1 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 479 | 301 | 581 | 312 | ||||
2+ | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.56 | 0.35 | 488 | 248 | 533 | 288 | ||||
Exercise before pregnancy | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.32 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.57 | 0.28 | 446 | 249 | 647 | 379 | ||||
No | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 472 | 264 | 623 | 373 | ||||
Exercise in trimester 1 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.34 | 0.92 | ||||||||
Yes | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 446 | 240 | 640 | 356 | ||||
No | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 462 | 264 | 637 | 392 |
in μg/dl; limited to samples provided at 8–10 a.m.
in pg/ml.
SD, standard deviation.