Table 3.
Effects of Medical Qigong (intention-to-treat analysis using multiply imputed data) within- and between-group differences
| Variables | Within group (week 10–week 0) |
Between groups (intervention and control) |
||||
| Mean difference from baseline (95% CI), independent samples t-test |
Mean difference between groups (95% CI), independent samples t-test | Regression statistics |
||||
| Medical Qigong group (n = 79) | Control group (n = 83) | t value | df | P values | ||
| QOL measured by FACT-Ga | ||||||
| Physical well-being | 3.06 (1.97 to 4.14) | 0.98 (0.04 to 1.91) | 2.08 (0.66 to 3.50) | −3.720 | 152 | <0.001 |
| Social well-being | 2.29 (1.25 to 3.32) | −0.97 (−2.00 to 0.06) | 3.26 (1.81 to 4.71) | −4.663 | 148 | <0.001 |
| Emotional well-being | 1.60 (0.86 to 2.35) | 0.05 (−0.75 to 0.85) | 1.55 (0.47 to 2.63) | −3.677 | 150 | <0.001 |
| Functional well-being | 2.46 (1.51 to 3.42) | −0.13 (−0.94 to 0.68) | 2.60 (1.35 to 3.84) | −4.467 | 151 | <0.001 |
| Total QOL | 8.86 (6.41 to 11.32) | −0.13 (−2.48 to 2.22) | 9.00 (5.62 to 12.36) | −5.761 | 144 | <0.001 |
| Fatigue measured by FACT-Fa | ||||||
| Fatigue | 6.34 (4.38 to 8.30) | 0.64 (−0.74 to 2.02) | 5.70 (3.32 to 8.09) | −5.621 | 153 | <0.001 |
| Mood status measured by POMSb | ||||||
| Tension and anxietyc | −1.71 (−2.94 to −0.48) | −0.47 (−1.84 to 0.90) | −1.24 (−3.06 to 0.58) | 2.239 | 136 | 0.027 |
| Depressionc | −1.01 (−2.62 to 0.59) | 1.54 (−0.52 to 3.61) | −2.56 (−5.14 to 0.01) | 2.215 | 108 | 0.029 |
| Anger and hostilityc | −0.05 (−1.30 to 1.21) | −0.30 (−1.83 to 1.24) | 0.25 (−1.71 to 2.20) | 1.359 | 104 | 0.177 |
| Lack of vigorc | −3.81 (−4.91 to −2.72) | 0.53 (−0.65 to 1.71) | −4.34 (−5.93 to −2.75) | 4.839 | 139 | <0.001 |
| Fatiguec | −2.42 (−3.79 to −1.05) | −1.30 (−2.63 to 0.03) | −1.12 (−3.01 to 0.77) | 2.632 | 126 | 0.010 |
| Confusionc | −0.76 (−1.68 to 1.17) | 0.11 (−0.90 to 1.12) | −0.87 (−2.23 to 0.49) | 1.929 | 137 | 0.056 |
| Total mood status | −8.73 (−14.62 to −2.84) | 1.91 (−5.25 to 9.07) | −10.64 (−19.81 to −1.47) | 2.346 | 122 | 0.021 |
| Inflammation biomarkerb | ||||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/l)c | −3.60 (−9.03 to 1.82) | 19.57 (5.37 to 33.76) | −23.17 (−37.08 to −9.26) | 2.042 | 99 | 0.044 |
a
Higher scores reflect positive effect of intervention.
b
Lower scores reflect positive effect of intervention.
c
Logarithmic transformations were used in the model.
CI, confidence interval; FACT-G, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General; QOL, quality of life; FACT-F, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Fatigue; POMS, Profile of Mood State.