Cell proliferation of HUVECs on VEGF-modified surfaces confirms VEGF mitogen activity in immobilized state. At day 5, the cell number on VEGF-modified surfaces is significantly greater than the cell count on the negative control. The symbol *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance to a level of p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, using one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test, which compares all possible pairs.