TABLE 1.
HFA-SPHINGOLIPIDS IN MAMMALSa
| hFA-SL species and source | hFA content | Major hFAb | Note | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hFA-Ceramide | ||||
| Human erythrocyte | 0.9% | 24:0 (58.7%) 16:0 (18%) 22:0 (10.5%) | Cer content was 5.6 µmol/100 ml packed cells. |
[87] |
| Monkey intestinal mucosa | 63.1% in small intestine |
Cer was 22.4% of neutral SL. | [22] | |
| 72.9% in colon | Cer was 35.1% of neutral SL. | |||
| Horse kidney | 11.6% | 24:0 (29%) 23:0 (26%) 22:0 (22%) 20:0 (10%) |
[88] | |
| Sheep small intestinal mucosa |
31.6% in fetal tissue | 28:0 (34.8%) 26:0 (13.0%) 18:1 (9.8%) 30:0 (8.9%) 18:0 (6.6%) |
Cer was 40.2% of neutral SL. | [21] |
| 70.2% in adult tissue | 28:0 (35.5%) 30:0 (8.5%) 20:2 (6.8%) 18:1 (6.1%) |
Cer was 65.0% of neutral SL. | ||
| Sheep colonic mucosa | 29.7% in fetal tissue | Cer was 62.7% of neutral SL. | [20] | |
| 67.1% in adult tissue | Cer was 62.5% of neutral SL. | |||
| Rat small intestine | 11% | C20–C24 | Cer content was 0.16 µmol/ml packed cells. |
[89] |
| Rat liver | 0.5% at P10 1.4% in adult |
Cer content was 320 µg/g dry wt at P6, 700 µg/g dry wt at P14. |
[90] | |
| Rat kidney | 0.6% at P10 3.2% in adult |
Cer content was 180 µg/g dry wt at P6, 500 µg/g dry wt at P14. |
||
| Guinea pig Harderian gland | 14% | 18:0 (19.9%) 23:0 (18.5%) 19:0 (12.3%) 22:0 (11.7%) 20:0 (10.9%) |
Also contained branched-chain hFA (5.8% of hFA). |
[91] |
| hFA-SM | ||||
| Bovine Rennet stomach | 25% | 16:0 (28%) 24:0 (22%) 23:0 (20%) 22:0 (15%) |
[92] | |
| Bovine rennet stomach | 25% | 16:0 (38%) 23:0 (16%) 22:0 (12%) 24:0 (12%) |
[93] | |
| Bovine kidney, intestinal mucosa |
22:0, 23:0, 24:0 | [94] | ||
| Bovine milk | <1% | 23:0 (31.5%) 24:0 (21.8%) 22:0 (17.2%) 16:0 (9.2%) |
[95] | |
| Guinea pig Harderian gland | 30.5% | 18:0 (30.2%) 19:0 (20.0%) 20:0 (16.4%) | Also contained 1.4% branched-chain hFA (16-methyl 19:0). |
[96] |
| Ram, bull, rat, boar testes and spermatozoa; human spermatozoa |
In rat testis, undetectable at P20; 49% at P55 |
In rat testis, 28:4, 30:5, 31:5, 32:5 | [97] | |
| hFA-GlcCer/MHC | ||||
| Human liver GlcCer | 20% | 24:0 (46%) 22:0 (17%) 23:0 (17%) 24:1 (11%) |
GlcCer was 19.1% of neutral GSL. | [98] |
| Human kidney GlcCer | 49% | 24:0 (32.1%) 22:0 (23.2%) 23:0 (19.2%) 24:1 (12.5%) |
MHC (6–7% of neutral GSL) was a mixture of GlcCer and GalCer (1:1). |
[99] |
| Human ureteral epithelial cells GlcCer |
90% | 24:0, 20:0, 21:0, 22:0, 23:0, 25:0 | GlcCer was 75% of GSL | [100] |
| Human uterine endometrium GlcCer |
30.9% in the secretory phase 3.8% in the proliferative phase |
In the secretory phase, 24:0 (54.7%)24:1 (14.9 %) 16:0 (11.7%) 22:0 (11.3%) |
[101] | |
| Monkey intestinal mucosa MHC |
88.4% in small intestine |
MHC (21.8% of neutral SL) was a mixture of GlcCer (90%) and GalCer (10%). |
[22] | |
| 93.4% in colon | MHC (14.8% of neutral SL) was a mixture of GlcCer (82%) and GalCer (18%). |
|||
| Bovine kidney MHC | >95% | 22:0 16:0 | MHC was a mixture of GlcCer (75%) and GalCer (25%). |
[102] |
| Bovine milk GlcCer | <1% | 23:0 (31.0%) 24:0 (19.7%) 22:0 (16.7%) 16:0 (12.6%) |
[95] | |
| Horse kidney MHC | 78.9% | 23:0 (25%) 24:0 (23%) 22:0 (20%) | MHC was a mixture of GlcCer (70.5%) and GalCer (29.5%). |
[88] |
| Sheep small intestinal mucosa MHC |
36.3% in fetal tissue | 18:0 (23.1%) 18:2 (15.2%) 16:1 (12.9%) 22:0 (12.7%) 16:0 (12.1%) 20:0 (5.8%) |
MHC (25.5% of neutral SL) was a mixture of GlcCer (80%) and GalCer (20%). |
[21] |
| 69.1% in adult tissue | 18:0 (41.5%) 16:0 (21.4%) 18:1 (4.1%) | MHC (13.6% of neutral SL) was a mixture of GlcCer (90%) and GalCer (10%). |
||
| Sheep colonic mucosa MHC |
32.6% in fetal tissue | 18:1 (38.7%) 18.0 (36.8%) 18:2 (4.3%) | MHC (10.8% of neutral SL) was a mixture of GlcCer (80%) and GalCer (20%). |
[20] |
| 64.2% in adult tissue | 26:0 (45.2%) 16:0 (14.2%) 30:0 (12.2%) 28:0 (8.5%) 20:2 (6.8%) |
MHC (12.6% of neutral SL) was a mixture of GlcCer (80%) and GalCer (20%). |
||
| Rat stomach MHC | 55.5% in 20-day embryo 82.4% at P60 |
In 20-day embryo, 24:0 (57.8%) 22:0 (14.2%) 20:0 (7.0%) In P60, 24:0 (54%) 23:0 (21.7%) 22:0 (17.6%) |
MHC was a mixture of GlcCer (95%) and GalCer (5%). |
[103] |
| Rat intestinal villus and crypt cells GlcCer |
63–68% | C24 (28–29%) C22 (20–24%) C20 (10–16%) C24:1 (10–12%) |
[104] | |
| Rat small intestinal epithelial cells |
66% in villus tip | 24:0 (34.7%) 16:0 (19.7%) 22:0 (15.9%) 24:1 (14.0%) 20:0 (9.2%) 23:0 (5.4%) |
[105] | |
| 32% in crypt cells | 24:0 22:0 16:0 20:0 24:1 | |||
| Rat colon MHC | 40% at birth 75% in adult |
MHC (45–50% of neutral GSL) was mostly GlcCer (>90%) at birth and in adult |
[46] | |
| Mouse intestinal mucosa GlcCer |
90.5% | 24:1 (27.8%) 22:0 (26.0%) 24:0 (13.5%) 23:0 (12.0%) 16:0 (11.5%) 20:0 (6.4%) |
Asialo GM1 and GlcCer were the two major neutral GSL. |
[106] |
| hFA-LacCer | ||||
| Human liver | 10% | C24 (33%) C24:1 (18%) C23 (15%) C22 (13%) |
LacCer was 30.3% of neutral GSL. | [98] |
| Human Uterine endometrium |
26.2% in the secretory phase 4.7% in the proliferative phase |
In the secretory phase, C24:0 (50.4%) C24:1 (21.8 %) 16:0 (8.0%) |
[101] | |
| Monkey intestinal mucosa | 91.2% in small intestine |
28:0 (42.5%) 26:0 (11.4%) 18:0 (10.2%) | LacCer was 27.6% of neutral SL. | [22] |
| 93.6% in colon | 28:0 (43.9%) 18:2 (14.2%) 18:1 (13.6%) 26:0 (7.4%) |
LacCer was 26.6% of neutral SL. | ||
| Bovine milk | <1% | 24:0 (29.5%) 23:0 (26.9%) 22:0 (15.4%) 16:0 (10.5%) |
[95] | |
| hFA-GM3 | ||||
| Human liver | 43.1% | 22:0 (28.8%) 18:0 (17.7%) 16:0 (17.4%) | (84 yr old female) | [107] |
| Human liver | 30% | C24 (37%) C22 (20%) C23 (17%) C24:1 (15%) |
GM3 was 91.6% of liver gangliosides (11 yr old male). |
[98] |
| Human liver | 10% at 20 yr old 50% at 80 yr old |
22:0 (32.3%) 24:0 (25.0%) 23:0 (16.1%) 24:1 (9.8%) |
hFA composition was determined with a pool of 31 samples, 19–85 yr old. |
[48] |
| Monkey intestinal mucosa | 70.3% in small intestine |
28:0 (42.2%) 30:0 (31.2%) 16:1 (7.2%) | GM3 was 60.7% of gangliosides. | [22] |
| 76.4% in colon | 30:0 (50.9%) 28:0 (20.8%) 16:1 (7.9%) 26:0 (7.3%) |
GM3 was 61.6% of gangliosides. | ||
| Sheep small intestinal mucosa |
41.1% in fetal tissue | GM3 was 41.5% of gangliosides. | [21] | |
| 72.3% in adult tissue | GM3 was 25.2% of gangliosides. | |||
| Sheep colonic mucosa | 36.3% in fetal tissue | 26:0 (81.8%) 28:0 (5.5%) 24:0 (3.4%) 18:0 (2.4%) |
GM3 was 41.2% of gangliosides. | [20] |
| 72.1% in adult tissue | 30:0 (44.7%) 24:0 (16.1%) 28:0 (15.6%) 18:0 (8.8%) 26:0 (9.9%) 18.1 (2.7%) |
GM3 was 22.3% of gangliosides. | ||
| Rat intestinal villus and crypt cells |
71–72% | C24 (23–25%) C22 (21–22%) C16 (14–15%) C24:1 (10–15%) C20 (9–14%) |
[104] | |
| Rat small intestine | 69% | 16:0 20:0 22:0 24:0 24:1 | hFA-GM3 was concentrated in the epithelial tissue. GM3 in non-epithelial tissue contained no hFA. |
[108] |
| Rat small intestine | no hFA at P0; 26.0% at P21; 41.5% at P38 |
Majority of hFA-GM3 was in epithelium. |
[45] | |
| Adult rat small intestinal epithelium |
49.4–82% among different strains |
[109] | ||
| Other hFA-SLs | ||||
| Gangliosides in human kidney |
11.7–28.9% | 24:0 23:0 24:1 22:0 | Values are for 2 main gangliosides and 2 minor gangliosides. |
[110] |
| Globotriaosyl ceramide in human uterine endometrium |
22.2% in the secretory phase 4.8% in the proliferative phase |
In the secretory phase, C24:0 (51.8%) C24:1 (29.7 %) 16:0 (7.7%) |
[101] | |
| THC in sheep small intestinal mucosa |
42.2% in fetal tissue | 28:0 (29.4%) 26:0 (16.1%) 24:0 (11.8%) 16:0 (5.7) |
THC was 17.3% of neutral SL. | [21] |
| 68.3% in adult tissue | 18:0 (64.1%) 16:0 (20.8%) 18:1 (10.4%) 18:2 (4.2%) |
THC was 18.9% of neutral SL. | ||
| GD1a in sheep small intestinal mucosa |
34.3% in fetal tissue | 24:0 (28.0%) 26:0 (25.1%) 18:0 (24.2%) 16:0 (7.3%) 20:0 (6.4%) 20:1 (4.4%) |
GD1a was 47.2% of gangliosides. | |
| 68.3% in adult tissue | 26:0 (55.9%) 18:0 (16.7%) 24:0 (14.6%) 22:1 (4.5%) |
GD1a was 48.3% of gangliosides. | ||
| THC in sheep colonic mucosa |
40.1% in fetal tissue | THC was 25.5% of neutral SL. | [20] | |
| 69.4% in adult tissue | THC was 14.7% of neutral SL. | |||
| GD1a in sheep colonic mucosa |
31.2% in fetal tissue | GD1a was 47.5% of gangliosides. | ||
| 67.4% in adult tissue | GD1a was 50.7% of gangliosides. | |||
| Asialo GM1 in mouse intestinal mucosa |
79.8% | 22:0 (27.2%) 24:1 (23.6%) 16:0 (21.4%) 23:0 (10.3%) 20:0 (10.2%) 24:0 (7.0%) |
Asialo GM1 and GlcCer were the two major neutral GSL. |
[106] |
a
This table does not include hFA-sphingolipids that have been extensively documented (GalCer and sulfatide in the nervous system, kidney, and other organs; epidermal sphingolipids).
b
Percent composition was calculated among hFA and does not include non-hydroxy FA.
P, postnatal day; MHC, monohexosylceramide; DHC, dihexosylcermaide; THC, tetrahexosylceramide. Neutral SL includes ceramide.