Table 1.
Features of the Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Comparison Groups
| HC ll n = 14 | HC s car n = 34 | BD ll n = 10 | BD s car n = 20 | Test for Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 6 (43) | 22 (65) | 7 (70) | 13 (65) | χ2 = 2.58, p = 0.46a |
| Male | 8 (57) | 12 (35) | 3 (30) | 7 (35) | |
| Age, in yrs | 26.1 ± 9.3 | 29.1 ± 10.3 | 36.9 ± 16.9 | 29.4 ± 11.0 | F = 1.86, p = 0.14b |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| European American | 7 (50) | 24 (71) | 5 (50) | 16 (80) | |
| African American | 5 (36) | 4 (12) | 5 (50) | 3 (15) | |
| Asian American | 1 (7) | 2 (6) | 0 | 0 | |
| Other | 1 (7) | 4 (12) | 0 | 1 (5) | |
| YRMS | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 2.8 | 2.0 ± 3.3 | |
| HDRS | 1.1 ± 3.2 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 11.1 ± 10.8 | 7.8 ± 9.9 | |
| Rapid Cycling Subtype | - | - | 4 (40) | 10 (50) | p = 0.71c |
| Past Psychosis | - | - | 1 (10) | 8 (40) | p = 0.20c |
| On Medication at Scan | - | - | 8 (80) | 18 (90) | p = 0.58c |
| Lithium | - | - | 1 (10) | 9 (45) | p = 0.10c |
| Anticonvulsant | - | - | 5 (50) | 13 (65) | p = 0.46c |
| Atypical Antipsychotic | - | - | 3 (30) | 10 (50) | p = 0.44c |
| Antidepressant | - | - | 4 (40) | 11 (55) | p = 0.70c |
| Benzodiazepine | - | - | 2 (20) | 1 (5) | p = 0.25c |
| History of Psychiatric Hospitalization | - | - | 7 (70) | 15 (75) | p = 1.00c |
| History of Suicide Attempt | - | - | 3 (30) | 3 (15) | p = 0.37c |
| History of Alcohol Abuse/Dependence | - | - | 4 (40) | 5 (25) | p = 0.43c |
| History of Substance Abuse/Dependence | - | - | 5 (50) | 3 (15) | p = 0.078c |
| Reaction Time (msecs) | |||||
| Fear | 812 ± 182 | 868 ± 172 | 927 ± 112 | 836 ± 137 | F = 1.16, p = 0.33b |
| Happy | 787 ± 153 | 844 ± 159 | 911 ± 97.6 | 816 ± 109 | F = 1.72, p = 0.17b |
| Neutral | 786 ± 157 | 847 ± 161 | 920 ± 131 | 825 ± 145 | F = 1.53, p = 0.21b |
| Response Accuracy (%) | |||||
| Fear | 95.4 ± 10.6 | 96.6 ± 6.3 | 94.2 ± 9.5 | 98.5 ± 3.2 | F = 0.97, p = 0.41b |
| Happy | 97.5 ± 3.9 | 96.1 ± 6.3 | 96.0 ± 5.7 | 97.9 ± 4.7 | F = 0.59, p = 0.63b |
| Neutral | 95.2 ± 10.3 | 96.3 ± 5.9 | 96.5 ± 6.3 | 98.1 ± 4.0 | F = 0.60, p = 0.62b |
BD, Bipolar Disorder; HC, Healthy Control
YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; HDRS, 29-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Values as whole number and (percentage), except in case of continuous variable, given as mean ± standard deviation
a
Chi-square test
b
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
c
Fisher’s exact test