Table 1.
2007 polyanalgesic algorithm for intrathecal therapies
| Treatment category | Intrathecal drugs |
|---|---|
| First-Line drugs | Morphine |
| Hydromorphone | |
| Ziconotide | |
| Second-Line drugs | Fentanyl |
| Morphine/hydromorphone + ziconotide | |
| Morphine/hydromorphone + bupivacaine/clonidine | |
| Third-Line drugs | Clonidine |
| Morphine/hydromorphone/fentanyl/bupivacaine + clonidine + ziconotide | |
| Fourth-Line drugs | Sufentanil |
| Sufentanil + bupivacaine + clonidine + ziconotide | |
| Fifth-Line drugs | Ropivacaine |
| Buprenorphine | |
| Midazolam | |
| Meperidine | |
| Ketorolac | |
| Sixth-Line drugs | Experimental agents |
| Gabapentin | |
| Octreotide | |
| Neostigmine | |
| Adenosine | |
| Xen2174 | |
| ZGK 160 |
(Data from Deer et al. [2•])