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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Feb 23.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Ment Retard. 2008 Sep;113(5):387–402. doi: 10.1352/2008.113:387-402

Table 4.

Unstandardized Path Coefficients for Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Models for Autism Diagnostic Inventory-Revised (ADI-R) Measures of Symptoms

Model Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests Impairments in reciprocal social interactions Impairments in nonverbal communication
Model 1: Praise
 Stability effects
  T2 Praise to T3 Praise .28 (.08)*** .25 (.08)*** .26 (.08)***
  T2 ADI-R to T3 ADI-R .61 (.07)*** .82 (.04)*** .83 (.05)***
 Cross-lagged effects
  T2 Praise to T3 ADI-R −.24 (.09)** −.04 (.14) .07 (.07)
  T2 ADI-R to T3 Praise −.04 (.07) −.06 (.02)* −.08 (.06)
 Control variables
  Gender of child to T3 ADI-R .05 (.35) 1.05 (.57) .31 (.28)
  Gender of child to T3 Praise .14 (.33) .15 (.32) .15 (.32)
  MRa to T3 ADI-R .57 (.31) 1.15 (.52)* −.21 (.25)
  MR to T3 Praise −.74 (.29)* −.53 (.30) −.66 (.29)*
Model 2: Warmth
 Stability effects
  T2 Warmth to T3 Warmth .70 (.06)*** .70 (.06)*** .70 (.06)***
  T2 ADI-R to T3 ADI-R .59 (.07)*** .82 (.04)*** .81 (.05)***
 Cross-lagged effects
  T2 Warmth to T3 ADI-R −.33 (.14)* −.04 (.23) −.06 (.12)
  T2 ADI-R to T3 Warmth .00 (.03) .00 (.01) −.01 (.03)
 Control variables
  Gender of child to T3 ADI-R .11 (.35) 1.06 (.57) .32 (.28)
  Gender of child to T3 Warmth .03 (.15) .03 (.15) .03 (.15)
  MR to T3 ADI-R .75 (.31)* 1.17 (.53)* −.22 (.25)
  MR to T3 Warmth −.28 (.13)* −.28 (.14)* −.27 (.13)*
Model 3: Relationship Quality (RQ)
 Stability effects
  T2 RQ to T3 RQ .78 (.06)*** .79 (.06)*** .78 (.06)***
  T2 ADI-R to T3 ADI-R .60 (.07)*** .81 (.04)*** .82 (.05)***
 Cross-lagged effects
  T2 RQ to T3 ADI-R −.12 (.04)** −.15 (.07)* .02 (.04)
  T2 ADI-R to T3 RQ −.06 (.09) .03 (.03) .05 (.08)
 Control variables
  Gender of child to T3 ADI-R .16 (.35) 1.2 (.56)* .29 (.28)
  Gender of child to T3 RQ −.08 (.44) −.12 (.44) −.12 (.44)
  MR to T3 ADI-R .62 (.31)* 1.12 (.51)* −.22 (.25)
  MR to T3 RQ .47 (.38) .33 (.40) .37 (.39)

Note. T2 = Time 2, T3 = Time 3.

a

Mental retardation.

p < .10.

*

p <.05.

**

p <.01.

***

p < .001.