Table 2.
Chronic ecstasy/MDMA and cortisol: effects on psychobiological functioning
| Psychobiological function | Cortisol | MDMA/ecstasy |
|---|---|---|
| Memory: task performance deficits | Backhaus et al. [90], 2006 | Krystal et al. [18], 1992 |
| Memory: subjective complaints | Wolf et al. [92], 2005 | Rodgers et al. [26], 2003 |
| Higher cognition: performance deficits | McMorris et al. [93], 2006 | Fox et al. [34], 2002 |
| Other cognitive task impairments | Oei et al. [94], 2006 | McCardle et al. [39], 2004 |
| Sleep and circadian rhythm deficits | Buijs et al. [80], 2006 | Mc Cann and Ricaurte [38], 2007 |
| Eating and feeding deficits | Nieuwenhuizen and Rutters [120], 2008 | Turner et al. [51], 1998 |
| Heightened depression | Nemeroff and Vale [96], 2005 | MacInnes et al. [36], 2001 |
| Greater impulsivity | Fishbein et al. [98], 1989 | Butler and Montgomery [97], 2004 |
| Other clinical disorders | Strohle and Holsboer [95], 2003 | Parrott [5], 2000 |
| Oxidative stress | McEwan [96], 2006 | Zhou et al. [52], 2003 |
| Hippocampal changes | Nagaraja et al. [89], 2007 | Jacobsen et al. [121], 2004 |
| Neuronal damage | Herbert et al. [78], 2007 | Reneman et al. [15], 2006 |