Sex-specific astrocytic cell death. A. Female astrocytes are more resistant to cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation. LPS, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-1α and Arimidex exacerbate OGD-induced cell death in female astrocytes compared to OGD alone. * p < 0.05. B. Male astrocytes are more susceptible to cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation. LPS, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-1α and Arimidex did not alter OGD-induced cell death in male astrocytes. Adapted from Liu et al., 2007.