Table 3.
Perinatal and neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnant women. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Variable | Gestational diabetes
|
Pregestational diabetes
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin twice daily | Insulin four times daily | Insulin twice daily | Insulin four times daily | ||
| No of women | 136 | 138 | 60 | 58 | |
| Mean (SD) birth weight (g) | 3436 (672) | 3437 (587) | 3376 (639) | 3229 (758) | |
| Perinatal mortality | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 2 (3.3) | 2 (3.4) | |
| Major congenital anomalies† | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (5.0) | 3 (5.1) | |
| Small for gestational age (⩽10 centile)‡ | 7 (5.0) | 4 (3.0) | 3 (5.0) | 3 (5.1) | |
| Large for gestational age (⩾90 centile)‡ | 41 (30) | 36 (26) | 17 (28) | 14 (24) | |
| Macrosomia (⩾4000 g) | 26 (19) | 22 (16) | 8 (18) | 5 (9) | |
| Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes | 2 (1.5) | 6 (4.3) | 5 (8) | 5 (9) | |
| Hyaline membrane disease | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 4 (6.7) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Hypoglycaemia§ | 8 (5.9) | 1 (0.7)* | 12 (20.0) | 2 (3.4)** | |
| Hypocalcaemia | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 5 (8.3) | 6 (10.3) | |
| Polycythaemia‡‡ | 3 (2.2) | 7 (5.1) | 5 (8.3) | 3 (5.2) | |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia†† | 29 (21) | 15 (11)* | 28 (47) | 27 (47) | |
| Birth trauma§§ | 3 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Overall neonatal morbidity | 40 (29) | 24 (17)* | 36 (60) | 29 (50) | |
*
P=0.02; **P=0.01.
†
Fatal, requiring surgery, or having significant psychological effects on fetus in later life.
‡
According to Brenner et al.16
§
Plasma glucose concentration <1.9 mmol/l in term infants or <1.4 mmol/l in preterm infants at least on two different occasions during first 48 hours of life.
¶
Serum calcium concentration <2.0 mmol/l.
‡‡
Venous haematocrit >65%.
††
Serum bilirubin concentration >205 mmol/l at ⩾34 weeks' gestation or >137 mmol/l at <34 weeks' gestation.
§§
Peripheral nerve injury or bone fracture.