TABLE 4.

Summary of Canadian regional lead surveys after 1990

Author, year (reference)	Date of survey	Site	Population	Geometric mean BLL (μmol/L)	BLL ≥0.48 μmol/L
Rhainds and Levallois, 1993 (21)	1990	Quebec City, Quebec	Umbilical cord blood, n=823	0.094 (95% CI 0.099–0.099)	<1%
Kosatsky and Boivin, 1994 (28)	1990	Montreal, Quebec	6 months to 5 years, n=52	0.27 (95% CI 0.22–0.33) (range 0.11–1.01)	5.80%
Koren et al, 1990 (20)	1990	Toronto, Ontario	Umbilical cord blood, n=95	0.08±0.07	0%
Goulet et al, 1996 (30)	1991	St Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec	0–10 years, n=75	0.24 (95% CI 0.22–0.27)	0%>0.72 μmol/L
Balram, 1993 (31)	1991	St John, New Brunswick	1–3 years, n=97	0.23	–
Gagné, 1994 (32)	1991	Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec	2–5 years, n=87	0.35 (95% CI 0.85; GSD 0.074)	33%
Langlois et al, 1996 (33)	1992	South Riverdale, Ontario	0–6 years	0.189	–
Smith and Rea, 1995 (19)	1992	Moose Factory, Ontario, and Moosonee, Ontario	1–6 years, n=395	0.15 (95% CI 0.14–0.05) (range 0–0.91)	4%
Smargiassi et al, 2002 (29)	1992–1995	Montreal, Quebec	Umbilical cord blood, n=160	0.082±0.082 (5th–95th percentile 0.039–1.88)	4.30%
Rhainds et al, 1999 (22)	1993–1995	Southern Quebec	Umbilical cord blood, n=1109	0.076 (95% CI 0.074–0.079) (range 0.01–3.10)	0.16%
Levesque et al, 2003 (24)	1993–1996	Nunavik, Quebec	Umbilical cord blood, n=475	0.19 (95% CI 0.18–0.20)	6.90%
Willows and Gray-Donald, 2002 (25)	1998–2000	Northern Quebec	9-month-old Cree, n=186	median 0.08 (range 0.01–1.00) (25th–75th percentile 0.05–0.12)	2.70%
Lorenzana et al and Hilts, 2003 (26,27)	1991	Trail, British Columbia	6–60 months	0.65	–
	1992			0.57
	1993			0.55
	1994			0.58
	1995			0.46
	1996			0.53
	1997			0.42
	1998			0.39
	1999			0.29
Hilts, 2003 (27)	2001	Trail, British Columbia	6–36 months	0.23	–
Hanning et al, 2003 (23)	2002	Mushkegowuk Territory, Ontario	Umbilical cord blood, n=91; at 4 months, n=85	0.10±0.08; 0.08±0.05	3%

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise specified. BLL Blood lead level; GSD Geometric standard deviation