Table 1.
Characteristics of male and female subjects stratified by glucose tolerance status defined according to both FPG and 2-h plasma glucose level
| All | Normal: FPG <6.1 mmol/l and 2-h PG <7.8 mmol/l | Pre-diabetes: FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/l and/or 2-h PG 7.8–11.0 mmol/l | Undiagnosed diabetes: FPG ≥7.0 mmol/l and/or 2-h PG ≥11.1 mmol/l | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male subjects | ||||
| n (%) | 986 | 588 (59.6) | 266 (27.0) | 132 (13.4) |
| Age (years) | 49.5 (48.9−50.2) | 48.1 (47.3−48.9) | 51.2 (50.0−52.4)* | 52.6 (50.9−54.3)* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.2 (86.6−87.8) | 85.6 (84.9−86.4) | 89.6 (88.5−90.7)* | 89.1 (87.5−90.7)* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 (25.5−25.8) | 25.2 (24.9−25.4) | 26.4 (26.1−26.8)* | 26.3 (25.8−26.8)* |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 134 (133−135) | 132 (130−133) | 136 (134−138)† | 138 (135−141)† |
| Diastolic | 87 (87−88) | 86 (86−87) | 88 (87−90) | 90 (87−92)‡ |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Fasting | 5.7 (5.6−5.8) | 5.1 (5.0−5.2) | 5.9 (5.8−6.1)* | 7.9 (7.7−8.1)* |
| 2-h | 7.1 (6.9−7.3) | 5.7 (5.5−5.9) | 7.5 (7.2−7.8)* | 12.4 (11.9−12.8)* |
| A1C (%) | 5.7 (5.7−5.8) | 5.6 (5.6−5.7) | 5.5 (5.4−5.6) | 6.4 (6.3−6.5)* |
| A1C ≥6.5% | 116 (11.8) | 67 (11.4) | 12 (4.5)† | 37 (28.0)* |
| FCG (mmol/l) | 6.1 (6.0−6.1) | 5.7 (5.6−5.8) | 6.2 (6.0−6.3)* | 7.4 (7.2−7.6)* |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.3 (5.2−5.3) | 5.2 (5.1−5.2) | 5.3 (5.2−5.5) | 5.5 (5.4−5.7)* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.2 (1.2−1.2) | 1.1 (1.0−1.1) | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | 1.5 (1.4−1.6)* |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.64 (1.61−1.67) | 1.68 (1.64−1.72) | 1.55 (1.49−1.60)* | 1.61 (1.53−1.69) |
| HOMA-IR§‖ | 1.1 (1.0−1.1) | 0.8 (0.8−0.9) | 1.5 (1.3−1.7)* | 1.7 (1.4−2.0)* |
| HOMA-B§‖ | 55.1 (51.7−58.7) | 60.9 (56.2−65.9) | 53.9 (47.6−61.0) | 34.6 (28.9−41.4)* |
| Female subjects | ||||
| n (%) | 1,346 | 777 (57.7) | 423 (31.4) | 146 (10.8) |
| Age (years) | 49.3 (48.8−49.8) | 47.2 (46.6−47.9) | 51.4 (50.5−52.3)* | 54.4 (52.9−55.9)* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.9 (81.5−82.4) | 80.8 (80.2−81.4) | 83.1 (82.2−83.9)* | 84.6 (83.2−86.1)* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 (25.6−26.0) | 25.3 (25.1−25.6) | 26.4 (26.0−26.7)* | 26.8 (26.2−27.4)* |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 132 (131−133) | 128 (127−130) | 137 (135−139)* | 138 (135−141)* |
| Diastolic | 84 (84−85) | 83 (82−83) | 86 (85−88)* | 87 (85−89)* |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Fasting | 5.6 (5.6−5.7) | 5.2 (5.1−5.2) | 5.8 (5.8−5.9)* | 7.4 (7.3−7.6)* |
| 2-h | 7.3 (7.2−7.5) | 6.0 (5.9−6.1) | 7.9 (7.7−8.1)* | 12.8 (12.5−13.2)* |
| A1C (%) | 5.6 (5.6−5.6) | 5.6 (5.5−5.6) | 5.5 (5.4−5.6) | 6.1 (6.0−6.2)* |
| A1C ≥6.5% | 137 (10.2) | 82 (10.6) | 23 (5.4)† | 32 (21.9)* |
| FCG (mmol/l) | 6.1 (6.0−6.1) | 5.7 (5.6−5.8) | 6.2 (6.1−6.3)* | 7.4 (7.2−7.6)* |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.2 (5.2−5.3) | 5.2 (5.1−5.2) | 5.3 (5.2−5.3) | 5.5 (5.4−5.7)* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)§ | 1.1 (1.0−1.1) | 1.0 (1.0−1.0) | 1.1 (1.0−1.1)‡ | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.68 (1.65−1.70) | 1.73 (1.70−1.77) | 1.61 (1.57−1.65)* | 1.57 (1.50−1.65)* |
| HOMA-IR§‖ | 1.4 (1.3−1.5) | 1.2 (1.1−1.3) | 1.7 (1.6−1.8)* | 2.3 (2.0−2.6)* |
| HOMA-B§‖ | 67.9 (64.7−71.3) | 74.4 (69.9−79.2) | 65.0 (59.5−70.9)‡ | 44.7 (38.4−52.1)* |
Data are age-adjusted means (95% CI) or n (%).
*P < 0.001;
†P < 0.01;
‡P < 0.05, for the difference between the indexed and the normal category using a univariate general linear model for continuous data and χ2 test for categorical data.
§Geometric mean (95% CI).
‖With missing data.