Table 3.

Most Severe Lifetime Depressive Symptoms

KSADS-P depression items (score range)	BP Children (<12 y.o) (n=173)	Adolescents with Childhood Onset BP (n=101)	Adolescents with Adolescent Onset-BP (n=90)	Wald χ2	** Adjusted p-values	Pair-wise Comparisons p-values (Effect Size-d)
						Group1 vs. Group2	Group1 vs. Group3	Group2 vs. Group3
K-Depression-12 item*scale (0-61)	18.8±8.1	28.1±10.9	24.3±13.0	30.2	<0.001†	<0.001 (0.4)	0.001 (0.3)	0.3 (0.1)
Depressed Mood*(1-7)	3.9±1.5	4.9±1.5	4.5±1.7	13.2	0.001†	<0.001 (0.3)	0.07 (0.2)	0.24 (0.2)
Irritability and Anger (1-7)	4.5±1.3	4.7±1.3	4.0±1.6	5.4	0.07	0.6 (0.1)	0.02 (0.2)	0.1 (0.2)
Reactivity of Depressed Mood (1-6)	4.4±1.7	4.9±1.4	4.2±1.7	2.0	0.37
Diurnal Mood Variation (1-4)	2.1±1.3	2.4±1.4	2.2±1.3	0.8	0.67
Excessive Guilt* (1-6)	2.4±1.4	2.9±1.5	2.5±1.6	5.2	0.07	0.03 (0.2)	0.9 (0.0)	0.07 (02)
Negative Self-image (1-6)	3.4±1.5	4.2±1.6	3.5±1.6	11.8	0.003	0.002 (0.2)	0.5 (0.1)	0.003 (0.4)
Hopeless (1-6)	2.3±1.3	3.7±1.4	3.1±1.6	54.2	<0.001†	<0.001 (0.6)	<0.001 (0.5)	0.3 (0.2)
Aches and Pains (1-6)	2.7±1.7	3.0±1.8	3.0±1.9	0.4	0.84
Anhedonia* (1-6)	3.1±1.5	4.2±1.6	3.6±1.7	17.3	<0.001†	<0.001 (0.3)	0.01 (0.3)	0.5 (01)
Fatigue* (1-6)	2.7±1.6	4.1±1.5	3.8±1.6	40.3	<0.001†	<0.001 (0.4)	<0.001 (0.5)	0.99(0.0)
Difficulty Concentrating* (1-6)	3.2±1.6	4.1±1.7	3.7±1.6	10.2	0.006	0.01 (0.2)	0.01 (0.2)	0.9 (0.0)
Psychomotor Agitation* (1-6)	2.7±1.7	2.8±1.7	2.5±1.6	0.2	0.92
Psychomotor Retardation* (1-6)	2.3±1.3	2.8±1.6	2.7±1.5	9.8	0.007	0.01 (0.2)	0.03 (0.2)	(0.8 (0.0)
Social Withdrawal (1-6)	3.2±1.5	4.1±1.5	3.5±1.8	10.0	0.007	0.002 (0.3)	0.1 (0.1)	0.3 (0.1)
Insomnia* (1-6)	3.1±1.6	3.6±1.5	3.1±1.7	3.7	0.16
Initial Insomnia (1-4)	2.6±1.3	3.0±1.2	2.7±1.3	1.6	0.45
Middle Insomnia (1-4)	1.9±1.1	2.1±1.2	1.9±1.2	0.4	0.82
Terminal Insomnia (1-4)	1.8±1.2	1.9±1.2	1.5±1.0	5.0	0.08	0.8 (0.0)	0.04 (0.2)	0.04 (0.3)
Circadian Reversal (1-4)	1.1±0.6	1.7±1.1	1.6±1.1	20.4	<0.001†	0.001 (0.3)	<.001 (0.4)	0.6 (0.1)
Non-Restorative Sleep (1-4)	2.0±1.1	2.8±1.2	2.4±1.3	19.2	<0.001†	<.001 (0.4)	0.01 (0.3)	0.3 (0.1)
Daytime Sleepiness (1-4)	1.7±1.0	2.9±1.2	2.3±1.3	40.1	<0.001†	<.001 (0.5)	.001 (0.3)	0.07 (0.3)
Hypersomnia* (1-6)	1.9±1.5	3.4±1.9	3.2±1.9	42.5	<0.001†	<.001 (0.5)	<.001 (0.5)	0.9 (0.0)
Decreased Appetite* (1-6)	1.9±1.4	2.8±1.9	2.4±1.7	8.0	0.02	0.01 (0.2)	0.1 (0.2)	0.5 (0.1)
Weight Loss* (1-6)	1.2±0.7	1.8±1.3	1.8±1.4	15.2	0.001†	0.01 (0.2)	<.001 (0.3)	0.3 (0.1)
Increased Appetite (1-6)	1.9±1.6	2.2±1.8	1.9±1.7	1.2	0.54
Craving for Sweets (1-4)	1.9±1.1	2.1±1.2	1.8±1.0	3.4	0.18
Weight Gain (1-6)	1.6±1.3	2.1±1.7	1.9±1.7	2.3	0.32
Leaden Paralysis (1-6)	1.6±1.1	2.1±1.6	2.2±1.6	11.1	0.004	0.04 (0.2)	0.002 (0.3)	0.3 (0.2)
Rejection Sensitivity (1-6)	3.5±1.3	3.6±1.3	2.8±1.5	5.7	0.06	0.81 (0.02)	0.02 (0.2)	0.07 (0.3)
Suicidal Ideation* (1-6)	2.7±1.3	3.5±1.6	3.1±1.8	7.3	0.03	0.01 (0.23)	0.3 (0.1)	0.2 (0.2)
Suicidal Attempts-Seriousness (1-6)	0.8±1.2	1.7±1.9	1.4±1.6	13.1	0.001†	0.001 (0.3)	0.05 (0.2)	0.3 (0.1)
Suicidal Attempts-Medical Lethality (1-6)	0.5±0.8	1.2±1.4	1.1±1.4	11.4	0.003	0.003 (0.3)	0.02 (0.2)	0.8 (0.0)
Recurrent Thoughts of Death (1-6)	2.4±1.3	3.4±1.7	2.9±1.7	12.4	0.002	<.001 (0.3)	0.5 (0.1)	0.04 (0.3)
Non-Suicidal Self-damaging Acts (1-6)	2.2±1.5	2.6±1.7	2.1±1.5	2.3	0.32

KSADS-P: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Present Version; the 12-item scale consists of items marked with an (*)

^**After adjusting for sex, SES, duration of illness, and significantly different comorbid disorders;

^†Remained significant after Bonferroni Correction

Group1: BP Children; Group 2: Adolescents with Childhood Onset BP; Group 3: Adolescents with Adolescent Onset-BP.