TABLE 5:
Maternal history suggestive of congenital infection
| History | Infection |
|---|---|
| Exposure | |
| Season | Parvovirus B19 (winter, spring) |
| Rubella (winter, spring) | |
| Enterovirus (summer, autumn) | |
| Handling or ingestion of raw meat that has never been frozen | Toxoplasmosis |
| Contact with diapered children in daycare, household or school | Cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus |
| Exposure in travel to certain geographic regions | Toxoplasmosis (ie, through culinary practices), tuberculosis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) |
| Kitten or cat feces in 21 days after the animal’s primary infection (handling animal or kitty litter, gardening) | Toxoplasmosis |
| Number of sexual partners, sex industry worker/partner, illicit drug use | Syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HBV, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| Sexually active adolescents | CMV, HSV, HBV, HIV |
| Unimmunized (eg, immigrant from developing world*) | Rubella |
| Illness | |
| Rash | Syphilis, rubella, parvovirus B19, enterovirus |
| Arthritis | Parvovirus B19, rubella |
| Mononucleosis-like fatigue, lymphadenopathy | CMV, toxoplasmosis, HIV |
| Screening in pregnancy | HBV, rubella, syphilis, HIV |
| Fetal ultrasonography | Variable |
*
Note that the World Health Organization immunization program does not include rubella