Table 2.
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence at Follow-up and Neighborhood Resources for Physical Activity and Healthy Foodsa
| Type 2 Diabetesb at Follow-Up |
Neighborhood Physical Activity and Healthy Foods,c Summary Score |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample | No | Yes | Worst | Intermediate | Best | |
| No. of participants | 2285 | 2052 | 233 | 760 | 764 | 761 |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 62.1 (10.0) | 62.1 (10.0) | 62.0 (10.1) | 62.3 (9.8) | 62.3 (9.7) | 61.7 (10.5) |
| Men | 45 | 44 | 49 | 45 | 44 | 45 |
| Race/ethnicityd | ||||||
| White | 44 | 46 | 34 | 27 | 46 | 60 |
| African American | 40 | 39 | 48 | 62 | 36 | 22 |
| Hispanic | 16 | 15 | 18 | 11 | 18 | 18 |
| Family history of diabetes | 7 | 6 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 5 |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||||
| Per capita household income, per $10 000, mean (SD) | 2.80 (1.91) | 2.83 (1.93) | 2.52 (1.74) | 2.36 (1.64) | 2.79 (1.80) | 3.24 (2.16) |
| Low assetse | 19 | 18 | 24 | 21 | 19 | 16 |
| Education, y, mean (SD) | 13.6 (3.4) | 13.7 (3.4) | 13.1 (3.7) | 13.1 (3.4) | 13.5 (3.5) | 14.3 (3.3) |
| Other Risk Factors/Health Behaviors | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 46 | 46 | 42 | 43 | 48 | 46 |
| Former | 41 | 40 | 46 | 41 | 39 | 42 |
| Current | 13 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 13 | 12 |
| High alcohol use | 13 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 16 |
| Favorable diet index,f mean (SD) | 0.17 (0.98) | 0.19 (0.99) | 0.01 (0.90) | 0.07 (0.96) | 0.19 (0.94) | 0.26 (1.03) |
| Physical activity level, h/d, mean (SD) | 5.8 (7.3) | 5.9 (7.4) | 5.1 (6.1) | 5.5 (8.3) | 5.6 (6.4) | 6.2 (7.0) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.7 (5.4) | 28.4 (5.2) | 31.6 (6.2) | 29.4 (5.6) | 29.0 (5.5) | 27.8 (5.0) |
| Obese at first examination, BMI ≥30 | 34 | 31 | 53 | 40 | 34 | 27 |
| Outcome Information | ||||||
| Diabetes at any follow-up examinationb | 10 | 90 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 7 |
| Glucose level impaired at baselineb | 14 | 9 | 54 | 16 | 15 | 10 |
| Neighborhood Resourcesc | ||||||
| Physical activity, mean (SD) | 3.68 (0.31) | 3.69 (0.31) | 3.62 (0.29) | 3.42 (0.19) | 3.64 (0.13) | 3.99 (0.27) |
| Healthy foods, mean (SD) | 3.36 (0.36) | 3.37 (0.37) | 3.29 (0.34) | 3.02 (0.18) | 3.32 (0.14) | 3.75 (0.27) |
| Summary score, mean (SD) | 3.52 (0.31) | 3.53 (0.31) | 3.45 (0.29) | 3.22 (0.13) | 3.48 (0.07) | 3.87 (0.24) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
SI conversion factor: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555.
Data are given as the percentage of participants unless otherwise indicated.
Type 2 diabetes was defined according to American Diabetes Association 2003 criteria: fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher (to convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555) or taking insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
Neighborhood measures, collected from a population-based residential survey (the Community Survey; see the “Methods” section) were aggregated to census tracts using empirical Bayes estimation. Item responses had a possible range of 1 to 5; higher scores indicate better resources. Both neighborhood characteristics (physical activity and healthy food resources) were combined into a summary score and then classified into tertiles (worst, 2.7 to <3.37; intermediate, 3.37 to < 3.61; best, 3.61 to 4.56).
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis enrolled ethnic Chinese, white, African-American, and Hispanic participants at 6 field sites. These analyses were restricted to 3 sites (New York City/Bronx, city of Baltimore, and Baltimore and Forsyth Counties) that did not enroll ethnic Chinese participants.
Defined as meeting all the following conditions: does not own home outright, does not have investments, and does not have additional property other than primary home.
A higher score indicates a better diet.