Table 2.
Path analysis variables*
| SMT 8 visits | SMT 16 visits | LM 8 visits | LM 16 visits | All Participants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| week | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD |
| Cervicogenic headaches | ||||||||||
| Pain intensity (100-point scale) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 20 | 51.2 ± 17.7 | 20 | 50.7 ± 16.8 | 20 | 56.8 ± 15.8 | 20 | 58.7 ± 17.1 | 80 | 54.3 ± 16.9 |
| 4 | 17 | 36.5 ± 17.7 | 16 | 31.7 ± 13.7 | 17 | 49.8 ± 12.9 | 20 | 46.5 ± 17.7 | 70 | 41.5 ± 17.1 |
| 8 | 17 | 37.1 ± 16.8 | 16 | 30.2 ± 17.0 | 19 | 42.1 ± 16.0 | 16 | 44.8 ± 17.3 | 68 | 38.7 ± 17.2 |
| 12 | 16 | 30.8 ± 20.0 | 17 | 29.6 ± 23.7 | 17 | 42.0 ± 20.6 | 16 | 49.4 ± 19.0 | 66 | 37.9 ± 22.0 |
| Number of cervicogenic headaches in the past 4 weeks | ||||||||||
| 0 | 20 | 14.8 ± 8.4 | 20 | 16.0 ± 7.7 | 20 | 15.8 ± 8.7 | 20 | 16.2 ± 7.0 | 80 | 15.7 ± 7.9 |
| 4 | 17 | 9.4 ± 5.2 | 16 | 10.0 ± 8.3 | 17 | 14.2 ± 8.6 | 20 | 12.7 ± 8.7 | 70 | 11.7 ± 7.9 |
| 8 | 17 | 8.8 ± 5.6 | 16 | 7.1 ± 7.2 | 19 | 12.7 ± 9.4 | 16 | 11.1 ± 6.4 | 68 | 10.0 ± 7.5 |
| 12 | 16 | 5.8 ± 4.8 | 17 | 6.4 ± 6.8 | 17 | 9.8 ± 6.7 | 16 | 12.9 ± 8.8 | 66 | 8.7 ± 7.3 |
| Expectations: Confidence in success of my treatment † | ||||||||||
| 0 | 20 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 20 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 20 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 20 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 80 | 4.1 ± 1.2 |
| 4 | 17 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 16 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 17 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 20 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 70 | 4.2 ± 1.4 |
| 8 | 17 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 16 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 19 | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 16 | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 68 | 4.6 ± 1.2 |
| Patient-provider encounter ‡ | ||||||||||
| DC comfortable treating headache pain | ||||||||||
| 2 | 20 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 19 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 19 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 19 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 77 | 4.7 ± 0.5 |
| 4 | 17 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 16 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 17 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 20 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 70 | 4.8 ± 0.6 |
| 8 | 16 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 16 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 19 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 16 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 67 | 4.8 ± 0.5 |
| DC enthusiastic about treatment | ||||||||||
| 2 | 20 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 19 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 19 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 19 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 77 | 4.5 ± 0.8 |
| 4 | 17 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 16 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 17 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 19 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 69 | 4.6 ± 0.8 |
| 8 | 16 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 16 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 19 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 16 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 67 | 4.6 ± 0.7 |
| DC spent adequate time listening | ||||||||||
| 2 | 20 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 19 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 19 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 19 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 77 | 4.4 ± 0.9 |
| 4 | 17 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 16 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 17 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 20 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 70 | 4.6 ± 0.7 |
| 8 | 16 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 16 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 19 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 16 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 67 | 4.6 ± 0.7 |
| DC confident in treatment success | ||||||||||
| 2 | 20 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 19 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 19 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 19 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 77 | 3.8 ± 1.0 |
| 4 | 15 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 16 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 17 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 19 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 67 | 4.1 ± 0.9 |
| 8 | 16 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 16 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 19 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 15 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 66 | 4.3 ± 0.9 |
SMT, spinal manipulative therapy; LM, light massage.
*
These variables are included in the structural equation models.
†
6-point Likert scale anchored by 1 extremely uncertain and 6 extremely certain.
‡
5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating strongly disagree and 5 indicating strongly agree.