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Oxidative coupling reactions in biosynthetic pathways. (A) Lignin and lignan pathways in plants begin with the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol.165 (B) The pathway to indolocarbazoles such as staurosporine involves the coupling of two tryptophan-derived monomers.169,171 (C) Intramolecular crosslinking of aryl monomers forms the cup-like shape of glycopeptides such as chloroeremomycin and vancomycin.226–229
