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Rate of substitution at synonymous and non-synonymous sites. SIV env V3-V5 nucleotide sequences isolated from brain tissue of morphine-dependent and control macaques were compared to the sequence of the starting molecular clone of SIV/17E-Fr. The numbers of nucleotide changes leading to synonymous (dS) and non-synonymous (dN) mutations were tallied using SNAP, www.hiv.lanl.gov. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
