Table 1.
Overview of the regulation of integrin expression by TGF-β
| Integrin | Main ligand | Effect of TGF-β | Cell type | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α1β1 | Collagens | Upregulation | Fibroblasts | Collagen remodelling and contraction, myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing and fibrosis |
| α2β1 | Collagens | Upregulation, downregulation | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts | Collagen remodelling and contraction, myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing and fibrosis, re-epithelialization during wound healing |
| α3β1 | Laminins | Upregulation, downregulation | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, carcinoma cells, lung alveolar epithelial cells | Re-epithelialization during wound healing, EMT, cancer cell migration and invasion |
| α5β1 | Fibronectin | Upregulation | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, carcinoma cells, endothelial cells | Re-epithelialization during wound healing, EMT, cancer cell migration and invasion, endothelial cell migration and tube formation |
| α6β1 | Laminins | Upregulation | Carcinoma cells, lung alveolar epithelial cells, promonocytic leukaemia cells | Macrophage maturation, cancer cell migration and invasion |
| α8β1 | RGD | Upregulation | Fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells | Myofibroblast differentiation, vascular smooth muscle cell contraction |
| α6β4 | Laminins | Upregulation, downregulation | Keratinocytes, carcinoma cells | Re-epithelialization during wound healing, EMT, cancer cell migration and invasion |
| αvβ3 | RGD | Upregulation | Fibroblasts, carcinoma cells, endothelial cells | Myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing and fibrosis, angiogenesis, carcinoma cell migration and invasion |
| αvβ5 | RGD | Upregulation | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts | Myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis, re-epithelialization during wound healing, EMT, cancer cell migration and invasion |
| αvβ6 | RGD | Upregulation | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, carcinoma cells, | Myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis and in tumours, re-epithelialization during wound healing, EMT, cancer cell migration and invasion |
| αLβ2 | ICAM1 | Upregulation | Promonocytic leukaemia cells | Macrophage maturation |
| αΕβ7 | E-cadherin | Upregulation | T lymphocytes | T-lymphocyte infiltration into epithelia |
EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; RGD, arginine–glycine–aspartate; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.