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VSMCs contain multiple sources of ROS. ROS-producing enzymes include NADPH oxidases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidase, iNOS, mitochondrial electron-transport chain, and cytochrome p450 monoxygenase. VSMCs also contain hemoxygenase, which produces Fe that can react with H2O2 and generate hydroxyl radical (•OH) (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertonline.com/ars).
