Table 3.
Risk of incident aortic valve calcium among those free of aortic valve calcium at baseline (n=5,142): univariate and multivariate stepwise backward logistic regression models.
| Characteristic | Univariate model* | Fully adjusted model† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | p-value | RR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age | 2.03 (1.78, 2.32) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.84, 2.61) | <0.001 |
| Male | 1.59 (1.20, 2.11) | 0.001 | 1.87 (1.31, 2.69) | 0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | Reference | |||
| Chinese | 0.43 (0.24, 0.79) | 0.006 | ||
| Black | 1.02 (0.73, 1.44) | 0.89 | ||
| Hispanic | 1.08 (0.75, 1.55) | 0.69 | ||
| BMI | 1.33 (1.17, 1.51) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.08, 1.46) | 0.004 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 0.16 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.16 | ||
| Antihypertensive therapy | 1.60 (1.20, 2.14) | 0.001 | 1.40 (1.02 1.92) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.80 (1.25, 2.60) | 0.002 | ||
| Smoker | ||||
| Never | Reference | |||
| Former | 1.17 (0.85, 1.60) | 0.32 | 1.43 (0.99, 2.09) | 0.06 |
| Current | 1.65 (1.07, 2.54) | 0.02 | 2.49 (1.49, 4.15) | <0.001 |
| Pack-years smoking‡ | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.10 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.08 |
| TC:HDL Ratio | 1.19 (1.05, 1.35) | 0.007 | ||
| Lipid lowering therapy | 1.73 (1.25, 2.41) | 0.001 | 1.76 (1.25, 2.49) | 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) | 0.20 | ||
| Fibrinogen | 1.13 (0.97, 1.33) | 0.12 | ||
| Creatinine | ||||
| ≤0.9 mg/dL | 0.93 (0.63, 1.37) | 0.72 | 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) | 0.90 |
| 1.0 mg/dL | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥1.1 mg/dL | 0.69 (0.46, 1.05) | 0.09 | 0.62 (0.40, 0.96) | 0.03 |
Univariate model includes adjustment for age, gender and between-scan interval.
Variables chosen from backwards selection and also included follow up time. Variables without risk estimates were not independently associated with incident AVC and were not retained in the final model.
Model for pack-years includes adjustment for current and former smokers.
Relative risks for continuous variables are expressed as per standard deviation increase in predictor, with the following exceptions: age (per decade increase), blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase), pack-years (per 10 unit increase), and c-reactive protein (per log increase).
Abbreviations: TC:HDL ratio is the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.