Table 4.
Risk of aortic valve calcium progression among those with aortic valve calcium > 0 at baseline (n=738): univariate and multivariate stepwise backward linear regression models.
| Characteristic | Univariate model* | Fully Adjusted Model† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β‡ (95% CI) | p-value | β‡ (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Baseline Agatston score | 0.31 (0.19, 0.42) | <0.001 | Not Included | |
| Age | 14.4 (−1.9,30.8) | 0.08 | 18.3 (−0.1, 36.8) | 0.05 |
| Male | 32.9 (0.7, 65.1) | 0.04 | 37.5 (6.6, 68.5) | 0.02 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | Reference | |||
| Chinese | −52.2 (−86.6, −17.7) | 0.003 | ||
| Black | −33.5 (−69.8, 2.7) | 0.07 | ||
| Hispanic | −21.9 (−63.6, 19.9) | 0.30 | ||
| BMI | 12.7 (−5.7, 31.1) | 0.18 | 15.0 (−1.5, 31.4) | 0.08 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | −5.0 (−14.2, 4.3) | 0.29 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | −16.1 (−33.7, 1.5) | 0.07 | −15.2 (−28.9, −1.5) | 0.03 |
| Antihypertensive therapy | −12.8 (−46.8, 21.2) | 0.46 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | −27.2 (−60.5, −6.2) | 0.11 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | Reference | |||
| Former | 33.7 (−1.5, 69.0) | 0.06 | ||
| Current | 5.3 (−35.6, 46.1) | 0.80 | ||
| Pack-years smoking|| | 7.1 (−4.0, 18.2) | 0.20 | ||
| TC:HDL ratio | −6.1 (−21.7, 9.5) | 0.44 | ||
| Lipid lowering therapy | −1.6 (−37.8, 34.6) | 0.93 | ||
| C-reactive protein | 9.0 (−10.9, 29.0) | 0.38 | ||
| Fibrinogen | 17.5 (−14.8, 49.8) | 0.29 | ||
| Creatinine | ||||
| ≤0.9 mg/dL | −7.3 (−49.8, 35.1) | 0.73 | ||
| 1.0 mg/dL | Reference | |||
| ≥1.1 mg/dL | −12.5 (−60.2, 35.2) | 0.61 | ||
Univariate model includes adjustment for age, gender, between-scan interval and scanner pair.
Variables chosen from backwards selection and also included follow up time. Variables without risk estimates were not independently associated with AVC progression and were not retained in the final model.
β = difference in average progression comparing groups (categorical variables) or per standard deviation increase in predictor (continuous variables), with the following exceptions: age (per decade increase), blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase), pack-years (per 10 unit increase), and c-reactive protein (per log increase).
Model for pack-years includes adjustment for current and former smoker
Abbreviations: TC:HDL ratio is the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.